浅谈药物流行病学和药品评价的发展与国际现状

药物流行病学是把流行病学的方法、知识和推理应用到临床药理学中,并以此为基础对特定人群或特定药品的使用情况、有效性及安全性进行集中研究,在对药品进行研究和评价的过程中起着十分重要的作用.同时,药物流行病学与药品评价的应用研究已经贯穿于药品的整个研发、使用、甚至流通等诸多领域,直接为制定相关治疗指导原则、国家药品政策提供依据.本文从药物流行病学的历史和发展、药物流行病学常用的研究方法、药物流行病学和药品评价在药品审批和管理过程中的应用以及非政府组织对药物流行病学和药品评价研究的推动等方面入手,着重分析了药物流行病学和药品评价的国际现状.     

卫生管理干部的现状与职业化培养途径研究概述

目的　了解卫生管理干部队伍现状 ,探索适宜的职业化培养途径。方法　采用文献研究与现场调查相结合 ,综述近 5年国内外卫生管理干部队伍职业化研究文献资料 ;分层方便抽样调查北京市、浙江省和陕西省等 3省 (市 ) 2 12 8名卫生管理干部的基本情况、卫生管理职业情况、对职业化的认知情况、卫生管理培训经历和职业化培训需求等。结果　研究明确了卫生管理干部职业化的基本内涵 ,总结了卫生管理干部队伍的主要不足 ,概括了卫生管理教育面临的问题。结论　卫生管理干部队伍现状与职业化的要求有相当的距离 ,应普及卫生管理岗位培训 ,发展卫生管理专业学历教育 ,建立和落实配套政策与措施 ,以加快卫生管理干部职业化进程。     

上海市杨浦区涉苯企业职业卫生危害现状调查

目的调查涉苯企业贯彻国家职业卫生法规执行情况及现状,为建立辖区职业卫生监督的有效管理提供依据.方法依据<中华人民共和国职业病防治法>、<使用有毒物品作业场所劳动保护条例>等法律、法规和国家职业卫生标准,依法对辖区60家涉苯企业进行监督检查.结果部分用人单位法制意识淡薄,作业场所职业病危害因素检测与评价等管理制度及措施不健全 ,作业场所三苯浓度抽测点合格率为87.1%,其中7家企业三苯浓度超过国家卫生标准,苯白血病检出1例,检出率为17.7/10万.结论用人单位在职业卫生管理方面与国家职业卫生法律、法规要求尚有较大差距,潜在职业危害依然存在.因此,建立有效的职业卫生监督管理机制,是治本之策.     

儿科介入呼吸病学的历史 现状及展望

国内儿科呼吸内镜的开展要比成人晚10余年。1985年,我国儿科医院开始使用纤维支气管镜。20世纪90年代,首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院创建了国内首个儿科支气管镜室,国内开始建立对呼吸专业有重大意义的儿科气管镜方法。发展至今,支气管镜术在很多医院都成为了方法过关、安全可靠的有效诊疗手段,对支气管镜术在诊断中的需求性甚至和CT一样普及,特别是对呼吸系统重症和疑难病的诊断与治疗起到了巨大作用。未来,要将儿童介入呼吸病学发展为综合多学科的临床应用。     

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??Stomatological emergency medicine has not became the secondary clinical discipline of oral medicine yet??and at present??its definition and academic position are still arbitrary. Based on China's health care system??this article analyzes the current situation of stomatological emergency medicine in China??tries to redefine its definition and puts forward ideas on the development direction and measures.     

Positive aspects of the coping of mothers of adolescent children with developmental disability in the Bedouin community in Israel

This research examines the positive aspects of coping experienced by 270 mothers of adolescent children with and without a developmental disability in the Bedouin community. The mothers completed the Sociodemographic Data Questionnaire, the Grandparents Functional Support Assessment, the Gratitude Questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Mothers of adolescent children with developmental disability reported higher levels of social support, gratitude, and personal growth than did mothers of adolescent children without developmental disability. Additionally, mothers demonstrated a higher level of gratitude toward their spouse's parents. Positive correlation was also found between gratitude and personal growth and between gratitude and support from the husband's parents. The findings highlight the important need to develop awareness and culturally appropriate intervention programs based on these positive aspects, to enhance these mothers’ coping abilities.     

Developmental needs and early childhood education: evolutionary,my dear Watson

Examining the processes of natural selection, described by Darwin in The Origin of Species, casts light on our own species’ fundamental needs and on the far greater role that early childhood educators can play in their fulfillment. The second section of this paper analyzes how our fundamental needs emerge in a sequence underpinned by the processes of natural selection (goodness‐of‐fit, variation and replication), are thus developmental in a new sense and are fulfilled only as organisms interact with their immediate environment. The subsequent section presents a model of how, in accordance with natural selection, adults can practise collaborative behaviors that facilitate this developmental sequence throughout life. The fourth section shows how early childhood educators who practise this model in interaction with their immediate environment (which includes parents) help to fulfill the fundamental needs and increase the internal resources of all participants—themselves, parents and children. Substantiating evidence comes from the author’s studies.     

2011年金牛区手足口病疫情监测

目的 了解2011年成都市金牛区辖区范围内手足口病感染、发病现况,为预防控制手足口病暴发或流行提供科学依据.方法 利用《中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统》对手足口病疫情开展监测,根据金牛区疾病预防控制中心2011年疫情监测资料进行流行病学分析.结果 2011年金牛区总共报告手足口病2 177例,重症病例31例,年报告发病率为183.40/10万,无死亡病例,托幼儿童和散居儿童是主要发病人群.结论 2011年金牛区辖区范围内手足口病预防控制情况整体较好,应在加强监测控制力度的同时做好对易感人群的健康教育,控制手足口病的暴发或流行,确保学校教学秩序和社会稳定.