The Effects of Drugs used for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on Pregnancy Outcome and Breast-feeding: A Critical Review

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral condition found in 5-10% of school-age children and in 2-5% of adults. Stimulants affecting the dopaminergic, noradrenergic and/or serotonergic systems are commonly used for treatment in children and adults, including women of childbearing age. The data on the effects of stimulants (methylphenidate and amphetamines) in pregnancy are generally reassuring, but methylphenidate might slightly increase the rate of cardiac malformations and of spontaneous abortions, while amphetamines might slightly increase the risk for premature birth, low birth weight and other pregnancy complications. Bupropion, a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, when used as an antidepressant, appears to be safe in pregnancy. The data on the use of atomoxetine, guanfacine and clonidine in pregnancy are scarce. Importantly, there are practically no data on the long-term neurodevelopmental effects of most of these drugs. The published data on the development of children born to methamphetamine-abusing women may be misleading since these women generally use other drugs, including alcohol, and the home environment where the child is raised may not be optimal. The treating physician should judge the need for treatment during pregnancy in relation to the severity of the clinical symptoms. If needed, methylphenidate is preferred over amphetamines because breast feeding is possible. If one uses non-stimulant medications, bupropion seems to be the preferred drug.     

环氧合酶-3:一个新的镇痛靶点?

环氧合酶是前列腺素合成的限速酶,也是非甾体类抗炎药的靶酶。环氧合酶-3是环氧合酶家族新发现的成员,在犬、人、大鼠及小鼠中的结构、分布和活性不尽相同。环氧合酶-3的功能作用还存在不同观点,但有关它在疼痛发生和镇痛中的作用已成为研究热点。研究环氧合酶-3将可能为临床疼痛治疗提供新的靶点。     

基于中药拉曼谱图的寒热药性判别研究

从中药的整体性出发,开展中药拉曼谱图与其寒热药性的相关性分析,并对中药寒热药性进行统计判别研究。本研究选取寒凉性中药109种、温热性中药128种,共计237种中药;经样品前处理后,利用如海光电SEED 3000近红外拉曼光谱仪进行检测,得到每味中药的拉曼谱图;并对量化后的中药拉曼数据进行特征筛选和统计检验,筛选出与寒热药性密切相关的特征拉曼位移及其峰强,然后基于5种算法进行寒热药性的判别建模。经比较分析发现,相较于其他模型,随机森林(RF)模型展现出最佳的效果,对测试集判别的正确率高于90%,曲线下面积(AUC)和精确度大于0.90。本研究基于大样本量中药的分析,中药的拉曼数据与其寒热药性之间具有显著的相关性,可作为药性表征指标,结合RF算法进行寒热药性的判别分析。     

基于3种数据挖掘模型分析16 618例含附子中成药的处方用药规律

目的:通过数据挖掘分析某院含附子的中成药处方,从中医辨证论治的角度分析该类中成药的临床用药特征规律,探究数据挖掘在中医药处方分析中的应用前景。方法:抽取2017年11月至2018年10月某院门诊含附子成分的中成药处方,从患者基本情况、中医疾病、中医证候等方面回顾分析该类中成药的临床使用情况,采用Microsoft Office Excel 2016进行基本统计,并结合Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services 2012的3种数据挖掘算法解析处方用药特征。结果:某院使用含附子中成药共8种,14岁以下患者用该类药最多,其中小儿肺咳颗粒用量最大,中医疾病多为咳嗽、感冒、咳喘,中医证型多为寒热错杂证、风痰证、外感风邪。温补肾阳的中成药处方包含金匱肾气丸、龙鹿胶囊、尪痹胶囊、桂附地黄丸,中医疾病多为痹症、眩晕、虚劳等,证型主要为肝肾不足、肾虚血瘀、脾肾不足。决策树分析显示使用含附子的中成药处方具有年龄分布特点,其中中医疾病及证型为主要决策点;聚类分析根据该类处方患者年龄、性别、中西医诊断、中医证型将中成药处方分为10类;关联性分析显示小儿肺咳颗粒联用情况最多,但关联度不高,金匱肾气丸、芪苈强心胶囊、龙鹿胶囊和尪痹胶囊有各自的强关联用药。结论:数据挖掘算法纳入多因素分析临床处方的应用更接近中医临床辩证论治思维,结合基础统计可知某院含附子的处方整体用药符合中医辨证论治的特点。     

哮喘相关基因与治疗药物的生物信息学分析

目的:通过生物信息学技术比较哮喘患者与健康人的基因芯片数据,初步鉴定与哮喘相关的基因以及治疗哮喘的潜在药物。方法:从基因表达数据库下载GSE74986基因芯片,使用GEO2R分析得出差异表达基因,采用Morpheus制作差异表达基因的热图;通过DAVID 6.8对差异表达基因进行基因本体及京都基因与基因组百科全书分析,使用String 10.5构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络,筛选核心基因。进一步使用Cytoscape 3.6.1的插件MCODE对差异表达基因进行模块分析。通过医学本体信息检索平台筛选治疗哮喘的小分子药物。结果:筛选出510个差异表达基因,包括29个上调基因和481个下调基因。差异表达基因生物过程与通路主要富集在染色质沉默、核糖核酸聚合酶Ⅱ启动子的转录调节、蛋白质转运、信使核糖核酸加工、核糖核酸剪接以及泛素介导的蛋白水解、内质网中的蛋白质加工、核糖核酸转运、髓样分化因子依赖性Toll样受体信号通路、血小板激活、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体信号通路等。共得出9个核心基因,包括T-复合蛋白1θ亚基(CCT8),T复合物蛋白1α亚单位(TCP1),26S蛋白酶调节亚单位S10B(PSMC6),热休克蛋白90α(HSP90A) A1,细胞周期蛋白C(CCNC),HSP90AB1,26S蛋白酶体非ATP酶调节亚基6(PSMD6),泛素特异性蛋白酶14(USP14),真核细胞翻译起始因子4E(EIF4E)。得出2个重要模块,模块里的基因主要涉及剪接体和泛素介导的蛋白水解、蛋白修饰以及核糖核酸修饰等生物过程。治疗哮喘的潜在小分子药物有茴香霉素和金雀异黄素等。结论:差异表达基因和核心基因促进了对哮喘发病分子机制的理解,为哮喘的诊治提供了潜在的基因靶标与治疗药物。     

钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂在酸相关疾病中的应用

酸相关疾病是一类消化系统中的常见慢性疾病.质子泵抑制剂现已成为治疗酸相关疾病的一线用药,然而临床应用中逐渐显现出一些局限性,如半衰期短、起效较慢、抑酸不充分、药理作用受CYP2C19基因多态性影响、夜间酸突破等,导致分酸相关疾病患者的症状不能获得充分缓解,以及难治、复发、直接的健康相关生活质量下降和经济负担增大.钾离子...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎防治常用中药用药警戒分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)期间,很多文献分析报道了中医药防治COVID-19的方证规律,研究总结了用药频次较高的中药方剂、中成药、中药注射剂、单味中药和预防方.此基础上,阐述其安全合理用药警戒,为临床工作者及居家个人安全防治COVID-19提供参考,降低用药风险,保障生命安全.     

Management of Neonatal Hypotension and Shock

The current standard approach to manage circulatory insufficiency is inappropriately simple and clear: respond to low blood pressure to achieve higher values. However, the evidence for this is limited affecting all steps within the process: assessment, decision making, therapeutic options, and treatment effects. We have to overcome the ‘one size fits all’ approach and respect the dynamic physiologic transition from fetal to neonatal life in the context of complex underlying conditions. Caregivers need to individualize their approaches to individual circumstances. This paper will review various clinical scenarios, including managing transitional low blood pressure, to circulatory impairment involving different pathologies such as hypoxia-ischemia and sepsis. We will highlight the current evidence and set potential goals for future development in these areas. We hope to encourage caregivers to question the current standards and to support urgently needed research in this overlooked but crucial field of neonatal intensive care.     

高血压与男性生殖损伤男性生殖功能的研究进展

高血压是我国常见的慢性病,随着高血压患病人群年轻化以及生育年龄的延后,高血压对男性生殖相关疾病的影响逐渐被重视。本文就高血压与抗高血压药物对男性勃起功能障碍(Erectile dysfunction,ED)和男性生育力标志物的影响进行综述。     

Seizure freedom as an outcome in epilepsy treatment clinical trials

Seizure freedom is recognized as the goal of epilepsy treatment by patients, families, and in treatment guidelines and is associated with notably improved quality of life. However, many studies of epilepsy treatments (including antiseizure medications/antiepileptic drugs, neurostimulation, and dietary therapies) fail to report data on seizure freedom. Even among studies that include this outcome, methods for defining and analyzing seizure freedom vary considerably. Thus, the available data are often difficult to interpret and comparisons between studies are particularly challenging. Although these issues had been identified over a decade ago, there remains a lack of clarity and standardized methods used in analyzing and reporting seizure freedom outcomes in studies of epilepsy treatments. In addition, it remains unclear whether short-term seizure freedom outcomes from pivotal clinical trials are predictive of longer-term seizure freedom outcomes for patients with treatment-refractory epilepsy. Ultimately, the limitations of the available data lead to the potential for misinterpretation and misunderstanding of seizure freedom outcomes associated with the spectrum of available treatments when examining treatment options for patients. Clearly defined outcome analyses of seizure freedom attainment and duration are essential in future clinical studies of treatment for seizures to guide treatment selection and modification for patients.