Selection for autochthonous bifidobacteial isolates adapted to simulated gastrointestinal fluid

BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Bifidobacterial strains are excessively sensitive to acidic conditions and this can affect their living ability in the stomach and fermented foods, and as a result, restrict their use as live probiotic cultures. The aim of the present study was to obtain bifidobacterial isolates with augmented tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal condition using cross-protection method. METHODS: Individual bifidobacterial strains were treated in acidic environment and also in media containing bile salts and NaCl. Viability of the acid and acid-bile-NaCl tolerant isolates was further examined in simulated gastric and small intestine by subsequent incubation of the probiotic bacteria in the corresponding media for 120 min. Antipathogenic activities of the adapted isolates were compared with those of the original strains. RESULTS AND MAJOR CONCLUSION: The acid and acid-bile-NaCl adapted isolates showed improved viabilities significantly (p<0.05) in simulated gastric fluid compared to their parent strains. The levels of reduction in bacterial count (Log cfu/ml) of the acid and acid-bile-NaCl adapted isolates obtained in simulated gastric fluid ranged from 0.64-3.06 and 0.36-2.43 logarithmic units after 120 min of incubation. There was no significant difference between the viability of the acid-bile-NaCl-tolerant isolates and the original strains in simulated small intestinal condition except for Bifidobacterium adolescentis (p<0.05). The presence of 15 ml of supernatants of acid-bile-NaCl-adapted isolates and also those of the initial Bifidobacterium strains inhibited pathogenic bacterial growth for 24 hrs. Probiotic bacteria with improved ability to survive in harsh gastrointestinal environment could be obtained by subsequent treatment of the strains in acid, bile salts and NaCl environments.     

Lower eyelid medial canthal tendon laxity grading: an interobserver study of normal subjects

OBJECTIVE: To describe a simple grading system for medial canthal tendon (MCT) laxity and measure its reproducibility. STUDY DESIGN: Observational case series and interobserver variability study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty subjects (100 lower eyelids) without eyelid disease. The age range was 19 to 98 years. METHODS: Subjects without eyelid pathology or previous surgery were selected. Two ophthalmologists assessed the position of the inferior punctum in relation to the cornea with the patient in primary gaze. Two measurements were made, the first with the lower eyelid at rest and then with the lateral distraction test. Both observers were masked to the other observer's measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Kappa statistics to show the strength of agreement between the two observers for the resting and lateral distraction eyelid positions. RESULTS: High kappa values were found for resting position (agreement in 92 of 100 eyelids) and for lateral distraction testing (agreement in 85 of 100 eyelids). The range of resting positions was from position -1 to position 1. The range of laterally distracted positions was from position 0 to position 5. Overall, a very high level of agreement was achieved between observers. CONCLUSIONS: This grading system for MCT laxity is simple, easy to learn and reproducible, easier than measuring in millimeters, and has an advantage over merely saying the tendon is "lax" or "not lax." We propose this standardized grading system in the evaluation of patients with entropion and ectropion to identify those patients who may benefit from MCT stabilization/plication.     

顺义区禽流感高危险职业机构职业防护现况调查

目的了解顺义区禽流感高危险职业机构职业防护现状,为政府进一步开展此类机构人禽流感防控工作提供数据支持。方法2006年4~5月,采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取顺义区禽流感高危险职业机构36家,从业人员191名,分别进行机构职业防护管理情况和从业人员防护行为的问卷调查。结果调查机构设有各项禽流感职业防护管理项目的比率均低于40.0%,国有集体、合资机构设有各种管理项目的比率显著高于个体机构(P<0.05);大型机构设有各种管理项目的比率显著高于小型机构(P<0.05)。从业人员穿戴各种防护用具的比率在85.3%~16.8%之间,合资企业显著高于个体企业(P<0.05),大型企业显著高于小型企业(P<0.05)。结论顺义区禽流感高危险机构职业防护现状呈两极分化趋势,大型机构、合资机构职业防护情况好于小型机构、个体机构,建议有关部门应采取有效措施,加强职业防护措施的落实。     

光氧化处理牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建肺动脉与右心室连接

目的观察光氧化处理的牛颈静脉带瓣管道用于重建右心室—肺动脉连接后,在体内循环系统中与血流接触条件下的抗钙化性能及其血流动力学性能。方法以经光氧化反应处理的牛颈静脉带瓣管道为研究对象,以单纯戊二醛交联固定的牛颈静脉带瓣管道作为对照,建立犬重建右心室—肺动脉连接的动物模型;实验动物饲养观察10个月后,通过超声心动图和心导管检查等方法评价两种不同方法固定处理的牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建犬右心室—肺动脉连接后的血流动力学性能,并了解牛颈静脉管道内的瓣膜在犬的右心系统内的功能。屠宰实验动物后取出标本,通过原子吸收光谱法测定组织钙含量,von Kossa钙盐染色观察组织钙化情况。结果心脏超声显示两组管道均通畅,瓣叶活动良好。光氧化处理组结扎肺动脉前、后直接测压及术后9~10个月通过心导管测压,所测得的跨瓣压差维持在较低水平,跨瓣压差无明显升高;戊二醛组结扎肺动脉前、后及术后9~10个月测得的跨瓣压差与光氧化组相似。光氧化组管道血管壁钙含量为7.60±8.02 mg/g,戊二醛组管道血管壁钙含量为22.05±10.78 mg/g,两组有显著性差异(P<0.05);光氧化组和戊二醛组管道瓣膜钙含量分别为0.74±0.23 mg/g和0.88±0.69 mg/g,两组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论光氧化反应处理固定的牛颈静脉带瓣管道可用于重建右心室—肺动脉连接,血流动力性能良好,与自体肺动脉相当,远期血流动力学性能尚待进一步观察研究。光氧化反应处理固定的牛颈静脉带瓣管道在狗的动物模型中,抗钙化性能优于戊二醛固定的牛颈静脉管道。     

五种半自动生化分析仪的性能检测与比较

介绍半自动生化分析仪的初步评估方法，并对５种半自动生化分析仪的波长、准确度、仪器稳定性、精密度、线性、交叉污染率等指标进行了检测。结果显示ＢＩＯＳＹＳＴＥＭ各项指标均优于其它仪器，而ＵＮＩＦＡＳＴ２的稳定性较差，且交叉污染率超标。     

原发性高血压痰瘀互结、毒损心络证类与相关因素的调查研究

目的通过原发性高血压中医证类的流行病学调查，分析高血压病的中医证类分布规律，了解痰瘀互结、毒损心络证类在高血压患者中的权重，并分析各相关发病因素与证类的相关性。方法采用问卷调查方式对500例原发性高血压患者进行横断面调查。结果痰瘀互结、毒损心络证类在高血压发病中居首位（44．6％），其次为肾阴亏虚证类（8．6％），瘀血阻络证类（7．2％），气血亏虚证类（5．8％），风痰上扰证类（4．4％），阴虚血瘀证类（3．8％），气虚血瘀证类（3．4％），阳虚血瘀证类（2．4％），阳虚痰瘀证类（2．4％），气阴亏虚证类（2．2％），肾阳不足证类（2．0％），阴亏痰瘀证类（1．8％），肝郁痰瘀证类（1．6％），肝阳上亢证类（1．6％），气虚痰瘀证类（1．2％）和阴阳两虚证类（0．4％）。同时，除痰瘀互结、毒损心络证类外，男性更易患肾阴不足证类，女性更易患瘀血阻络证类和气血亏虚证类；中青年患者肾阴不足证类患病率明显高于老年患者；病程延长则患瘀血阻络证类和肾阳不足证类的机率增加；超重者患痰瘀互结、毒损心络证类的整体机率增加；高脂血症者患痰瘀互结、毒损心络证类，风痰上扰证类和肝阳上亢证类的机率明显增加。结论痰瘀互结、毒损心络证类为高血压病的主要多发证类；不同性别、年龄、体重指数、腰围、腰臀比、饮酒、吸烟、病程、血压控制情况与中医的证类之间存在相关性。     

医院感染的病原菌分析及治疗选药建议

目的了解我院近两年来医院感染的病原菌分布及对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法收集从2005年8月～2007年7月门诊及临床各科室送检的各类样本,进行病原微生物检测及药物敏感试验。结果共分离出病原菌2913株,革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌、革兰阳性杆菌、革兰阴性球菌及真菌分别占24.30%、22.35%、14.45%、13.59%及25.30%,感染部位主要是呼吸道。MRSA及耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)分别占同类细菌的37.93%和44.24%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的大肠杆菌及肺炎克雷伯菌分别占同类细菌的28.68%及20.31%,对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感。高耐氨基糖苷类肠球菌(HLAR)的检出率为27.96%,对氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、头孢菌素类及喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率均>60%。所有病原菌未检出对万古霉素耐药者。结论我院感染的病原菌主要是条件致病菌,且耐药严重,应加强监测,参照药敏结果,合理选用抗菌素。     

抗菌药物应用横断面调查

目的了解医院抗菌药物应用情况及合理性。方法采用横断面调查方法,对2006年12月19日0-24时医院门急诊和住院患者进行抗菌药物使用情况调查。结果急诊抗菌药物横断面使用率最高(54.67%),联合用药比例也较高(23.42%);涉及抗菌药物10大类,其中应用最多的是头孢菌素类(61.92%);妇产科抗菌药物使用率最高(37.96%),呼吸内科抗菌药物使用指数(DUI)最高(39.90%);全院病原学平均送检率为6.67%。结论医院急诊抗菌药物横断面使用率偏高,妇产科和呼吸内科抗菌药物使用过多,且起点偏高,有抗菌药物过度使用的可能性,病原学送检率低,需要进一步加强抗菌药物合理应用的管理。     

医院内外葡萄球菌携带情况调查分析

1992年10～12月间,对富拉尔基地区102名医务人员和住院病人、47名医院外人员葡萄球菌携带情况进行调查.共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌61株,血浆凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌130株.手指金葡菌携带率医院内组(28.73%)高于医院外组(10.64%,P<0.05),凝固酶阴性葡萄球茵携带率医院内、外两组差异无显著性(46.06%,38.30%),医院内凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分离率高于金葡菌(P<0.05).     

云南省西南边境地区人血清虫媒病毒抗体调查

本文报告了云南省西南部4个专州9个县的760份人血清对11种虫媒病毒抗原的血凝抑制抗体检查结果,发现不仅乙脑和登革抗体较普遍,同时也存在其它黄病毒组和甲组虫媒病毒的抗体。
甲组虫媒病毒抗体阳性率平均为36.18%(275/760),其中MAY阳性率最高占总阳性数的68.73%(189/275),其次是CHIK占22.18%(61/275),几何平均滴度(GMT),VEE为164.4,MAY为94.48,CHIK为66.7。有交叉反应的血清178份,占64.73%.
黄病毒组抗体阳性率为77.37%(588/760),其中登革和乙脑阳性率最高,前者为36.58%(278/760,后者为27.89%(212/760),其它病毒的阳性率分别为:KFD22.24%(169/760),MVE22.11%(168/760),KUN18.68%(142/760),POW8.82%(67/760),LGT7.89%(60/760)。黄病毒抗体检查中重复感染者较多,占检查数的33.03%(251/760),占黄病毒组总阳性数的42.69%(251/588)。抗体滴度在1:640以上者有403人,占总阳性人次数的36.64%(403/1100),几何平均滴度为355.8。组内交叉反应率达97.09%。