创伤性脑损伤后认知障碍发生机制的研究进展

创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)也称为脑外伤,其发生率高、死残率高、后遗症多,给患者及家庭造成极大的痛苦和经济负担也给社会带来沉重的负担.TBI的严重后果包括:运动功能缺陷、知觉障碍、认知缺陷、语言障碍、外伤性癫痫、人格改变等,其中认知障碍为最持久和最严重的症状之一,通常表现在注意力和记忆力两方面.研究表明空间记忆缺失发生于各种程度的TBI之后,而有关TBI之后认知障碍的确切机制至今仍不十分清楚.     

术中窦汇区迟发性硬膜外血肿致急性脑膨出的治疗

目的 探讨颅脑损伤患者术中窦汇区迟发性硬膜外血肿所致急性脑膨出的临床特点及诊治经验.方法 回顾我院2007年5月至2009年5月收治的10例颅脑损伤患者,均为开颅术中发现急性脑膨出,术中复查头颅CT明确窦汇区迟发性硬膜外血肿的诊断后,取顶枕部"U"形切口,做窦汇区骨瓣成形加自体筋膜加压修补术.结果 根据GOS评分判断愈后:中残2例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡6例.结论 窦汇区硬膜外血肿做跨窦骨瓣成形术,骨瓣足够大,出血点完全暴露,再用自体筋膜加压修补术彻底止血,是理想的手术方法 .早期诊断及正确的手术方法 是救治成功的关键.     

海上环境下海水浸泡颅脑火器伤治疗的实验研究

目的探讨海上环境对海水浸泡颅脑火器伤治疗的影响,为提高海战救护能力提供参考。方法雄性杂种犬60只,按数字表法随机分为陆地组[码头环境,气温（30±5）℃,相对湿度（86.3±5）%],海上组[在医院船上,海上风力2～5级,海面浪高2～5m,舰船摇摆度8～16°,气温（32±5）℃,相对湿度（92.3±6）%],每组30只。动物被制作成海水浸泡颅脑火器伤模型。30min后用常规方法加β-七叶皂甙钠、盐酸纳洛酮治疗。对两组动物行经颅多普勒超声检测、动脉血气分析、颅内压监测,并对各项指标变化及疗效进行比较。结果治疗后3h两组犬各项检测指标均优于治疗前（P〈0.05）。治疗后陆地组脑血管痉挛好转率、颅内压恢复情况、动物存活率都优于海上组（P〈0.01）。结论海上风浪、风力和湿热环境对海水浸泡颅脑火器伤的救治疗效有明显的影响。针对海上环境的影响因素采取相应的措施,提高医护人员海上的手术技巧和对海上环境的适应能力是提高海上颅脑火器伤救治疗效和降低死亡率的关键。     

注射用奥拉西坦治疗颅脑损伤的随机、双盲、对照、多中心临床研究

目的 通过对注射用奥拉西坦与注射用吡拉西坦比较的临床研究,评价注射用奥拉西坦治疗颅脑损伤引起的神经功能缺失的临床疗效及安全性. 方法 本研究为随机、双盲、阳性药平行对照、多中心临床试验,收集自2006年9月至2009年1月珠江医院等5家医院收治的239例颅脑损伤和颅脑手术后患者,按照随机数字表法分为试验组(采用注射用奥拉西坦治疗,120例)和对照组(采用注射用吡拉西坦治疗,119例).比较2组治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、GCS评分、肢体肌力分级、简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分,观察2组的不良反应并进行心电图和实验室检查以了解其安全性. 结果 试验组和对照组NIHSS、GCS评分和肢体肌力分级治疗后较治疗前均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但改善的程度二者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),且2组均无药物严重不良事件发生. 结论 注射用奥拉西坦与注射用吡拉西坦一样,在治疗颅脑损伤引起的神经功能缺失中疗效显著,安全性好.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oxiracetam in the treatment of neurological deficits resulting from brain injury through the comparison of oxiracetam for injection and piracetam for injection in clinical trials. Methods A multiple-center, randomized, double-blind,parallel study was performed on 239 patients; these patients were divided into experimental group (oxiracetam for injection, n=120) and control group (piracetam, n=119). National institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), myodynamia grading, mini-metal state examination (MMSE) were employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects; electrocardiogram and laboratory examination were performed, and the side effects were also observed. Results The scores of NIHSS,GCS and myodynamia grading after treatment in the 2 groups were all significantly higher than those before treatment (P＜0.05); however, no significant differences on these scores were noted between the experimental group and control group (P＞0.05). No serious adverse events were noted in both groups.Conclusion Oxiracetam, the same as piracetam, is safe and effective in the treatment of neurological deficits secondary to brain injury.     

高海拔地区颅脑火器伤的评估与护理对策

目的探讨高海拔地区颅脑火器伤的评估与护理，为临床工作提供依据。方法对18例颅脑火器伤患者进行回顾性分析，根据患者的伤情和手术，给予相应的评估和护理对策。结果通过对患者意识、瞳孔、肢动、颅内压、生命体征、尿量及颜色、胃液pH、血气分析及创面的动态评估，能及时发现患者的病情变化和继发性损害。结论适宜的血压维持和颅压控制，有效的呼吸道管理，各种感染的预防控制及早期的营养、心理支持和功能康复等综合护理，能降低患者伤残率，提高生活质量。     

Prognostic factors in traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation

Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) is an ominous injury with high mortality and morbidity in trauma patients. Improved survival has been observed with advancements in pre-hospital and hospital care. Furthermore, high quality imaging studies are accessible at most trauma centers; these are crucial for prompt diagnosis of AOD. The objective of this study is to perform a comprehensive literature review of traumatic AOD, with specific emphasis on identifying prognostic factors for survival. A review of the literature was performed using the Medline database for all traumatic atlanto-occipital articles published between March 1959 and June 2015; 141 patients from 60 total studies met eligibility criteria for study inclusion. A binary logistic regression model was utilized to identify prognostic factors. The analysis assessed age, sex, spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), polytrauma injury (PI), and Traynelis AOD Classification. Only TBI was statistically significantly associated with death (OR 8.05 p < 0.05); SCI did not reach statistical significance for predicting mortality in AOD patients (OR 1.25 p > 0.05). Age, sex, PI, and Traynelis AOD Classification did not meet significance to predict mortality in AOD patients. We found that patients with TBI are eight times more likely to die than patients without TBI. A high degree of suspicion for AOD during pre-hospital care, as well as, prompt diagnosis and management in the trauma center play a key role in the treatment of this devastating injury. The relationship between survival and factors such as TBI and SCI should be further explored.     

重型颅脑损伤术中进展性颅内血肿的临床研究

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤术中进展性颅内血肿的发病机制、临床特征、术中诊断及处置,以提高诊治水平。方法回顾性分析33例重型颅脑损伤术中进展性颅内血肿病例的临床资料,按术中探查清除血肿与术后CT发现并清除血肿分成两组,分析两组临床资料,比较两组疗效。结果按GOS标准,治疗6个月后评定治疗结果：术中探查组恢复良好10例,中残2例,重残2例,植物状态0例,死亡2例,良好率62.5%,病死率12.5%;术后CT组恢复良好4例,中残3例,重残2例,植物状态0例,死亡8例,良好率23.5%,病死率47.1%;两组比较术中探查组恢复良好率高、病死率低（P〈0.05）。结论重型颅脑损伤术中进展性颅内血肿治疗的关键是在血肿造成不可逆性神经损害之前予以清除,依据其临床特征,术中及时作出定性、定位诊断,探查并清除血肿,能有效改善预后、降低病死率。     

低温液基底池灌洗在重型颅脑损伤合并小脑幕切迹疝的临床应用

目的分析应用天幕切开加低温液基底池灌洗治疗重型颅脑损伤合并小脑幕切迹疝患者的临床疗效.方法36例重型颅脑损伤合并小脑幕切迹疝患者在常规术式的基础上加行天幕切开、低温液基底池灌洗治疗,与同期32例此类患者应用常规术式治疗进行对比的临床研究。结果天幕切开组36例随访0.5～1年恢复良好16例,中、重残11例,无植物生存,死亡9例.常规术式组32例随访0.5～1年恢复良好9例,中、重残4例,植物生存2例,死亡17例.结论天幕切开加低温液基底池灌洗治疗对重型颅脑损伤合并小脑幕切迹疝患者是效果显著的术式,可以明显地降低此类疾病的并发症、致残率和死亡率.     

重度颅脑损伤患者早期肠内营养的研究

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者早期肠内营养的疗效及其护理方法。方法将36例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分成两组,肠内营养组(A组)、肠外营养组(B组),分别于伤后3d进行肠内和肠外营养,共10d,观察营养状况指标(血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白及空腹血糖);同时观察腹胀、腹泻、肝功能损害等不良反应和应激性溃疡出血、静脉炎、呼吸道感染等临床并发症。结果(1)两组患者营养支持前、后的营养状况均无明显改变(P>0.05);(2)营养支持前、后A组患者丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、血红蛋白及FBG间差异均无显著性意义(P<0.05),而B组患者上述指标间差异均有显著性意义;(3)两组患者并发症率间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),但B组静脉炎发生率高于A组(P<0.05)。结论重型颅脑损伤早期肠内营养具有安全、有效且费用较低等优点,在重型颅脑损伤患者消化道功能健全的条件下可代替肠外营养。     

重型颅脑损伤892例临床救治总结

目的:总结892例重型颅脑损伤(SCCI)病人的救治经验,以提高治愈率、降低病死率.方法:回顾性分析、总结我院自1998年1月～2004年12月收治的GCS 3～8分SCCI病人的临床资料.结果:892例SCCI中恢复良好339例(38.0%),中残143例(16.0%),重残196例(22.0%),植物生存12例(1.3%),死亡202例(22.6%).结论:早期诊断、迅速解除脑受压、妥善处理合并伤、积极预防并发症、重视营养支持及康复治疗是改善SCCI病人预后的重要措施,规范创伤救治体系、多科室良好的协作是早期维持患者生命体征、迅速解除脑受压的保证.