The status of blood safety in ECO member states

Background

Access to the information concerning blood safety is essential for managing problems and overcoming the challenges that are faced in any given region. Information on the availability and safety of blood in countries of the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) is largely lacking. To address this problem, the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organisation, in collaboration with other ECO member states, initiated a research project in 2009 to collect, analyse and compare statistics on blood safety in the region.

Materials and methods

A modified and summarised version of the Global Database on Blood Safety (GDBS) questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire was sent to all ten countries in the ECO region. The heads of the national transfusion services or focal points were requested to complete the form. Related literature and websites were also reviewed.

Results

Only three countries (Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey) completed the questionnaire, while other countries provided their available data on some parts of the questionnaire. The number of donations per year varied from 5 to 27/1,000 population. The rate of donors positive for human immunodeficiency virus ranged from 0.003% to 0.2%. The rate of donors positive for hepatitis C virus antibody varied from 0.05% to 3.9% while that of hepatitis B virus surface antigen ranged from 0.15% to 3.91% respectively.

Discussion

There is very clear diversity in blood transfusion services among ECO member states. Most countries in the region do not have a data-recording system. It is generally estimated that the need for blood is much higher than the supply in this region. Deficiencies in donor screening and a high prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections are other important challenges.     

再次心脏手术的护理配合

总结了26例再次心脏手术的护理配合,主要包括手术配合及术中意外情况的应对。手术配合主要包括术前访视,用物准备及术中配合;术中意外主要包括出血及室颤。认为手术室护士术前必须准备充分,掌握再次心脏手术特点,熟悉手术步骤,观察病情及时、准确,迅速处理意外情况,是保证患者手术成功的关键。     

A prospective international cooperative information technology platform built using open-source tools for improving the access to and safety of bone marrow transplantation in low- and middle-income countries

Jagriti Innovations developed a collaboration tool in partnership with the Cure2Children Foundation that has been used by health professionals in Italy, Pakistan, and India for the collaborative management of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for thalassemia major since August 2008. This online open-access database covers data recording, analyzing, and reporting besides enabling knowledge exchange, telemedicine, capacity building, and quality assurance. As of February 2014, over 2400 patients have been registered and 112 BMTs have been performed with outcomes comparable to international standards, but at a fraction of the cost. This approach avoids medical emigration and contributes to local healthcare strengthening and competitiveness. This paper presents the experience and clinical outcomes associated with the use of this platform built using open-source tools and focusing on a locally pertinent tertiary care procedure—BMT.     

实施区域化协同救治是未来中国急性冠状动脉综合征救治的必由之路

急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）救治延迟是患者得不到有效治疗的主要原因,解决这一问题刻不容缓,尽管我国在2011年7月就启动了“急性冠状动脉综合征临床路径研究”（CPACS）,但是ACS临床路径的使用并不乐观,多数ACS患者首次就诊于基层医疗机构,而绝大多数基层医院目前的诊疗很不规范,指南和抢救流程难以实施,很难适应ACS救治中尽早实施再灌注治疗。因此,新型区域化协同救治模式（即ACS患者发病后能在最短时间内转运至合适的医疗机构接受指南所推荐的最佳治疗模式）可能是救治ACS的有效手段。     

Prevention of murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: cooperative effects of cyclosporine and 1 α, 25-(OH)2D3

The hormone 1 α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) has immune modulatory activities in vitro and in vivo, and can prevent or delay the onset of experimental or spontaneous autoimmune diseases. At therapeutical doses, however, hypercalcemic side effects are found. The present experiments examined the effects of combined treatment with subtherapeutic doses of cyclosporine A (CsA) and 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on the evolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ at 5 μg/kg body weight (given by i.p. injection every 2 days) prevented the appearance of paralysis in 70% of the treated mice. The treatment with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ at 2 μg/kg/2 days alone had less substantial protective effects (22% disease-free animals versus 5% in the control group). However, when this subtherapeutic dose was associated to treatment with a daily dose of CsA (2 or 5 mg/kg/day), which by itself was subtherapeutic (24 and 50% disease-free animals, respectively), the association of both drugs led to near-total protection (86% disease-free animals when combined with the highest dose of CsA). When an alternate day administration schedule (CsA at 10 mg/kg and 1,25(OH)₂D₃ at 2 μg/kg, each given on alternate days from day −3 to +19 after disease induction) was used, all treated mice were completely protected clinically and histologically. The two drugs also showed additive effects on serum osteocalcin and urinary calcium and desoxypyridinoline excretion, but not on serum calcium concentration. Our experiments demonstrate that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ might be a potential dose-reducing agent for CsA in immunosuppressive therapy.     

加强领导 努力做好民族地区妇幼卫生合作项目工作

青海省黄南州自１９９０年被确立为《加强中国基层妇幼卫生／计划生育服务》合作 项目县后，州政府加强领导，与各项目单位层层签订项目协议书，认真抓好组织落实工作。为保证 项目的实施，州政府领导注意在人员培训、健康教育等方面落实经费，完成了项目配套要求，保证 了各项工作的顺利开展。同时，还建立健全县、乡、村三级妇幼保健网，在加强妇幼保健三级网络建 设中，结合民族地区特点，推行妇保、儿保、计划生育“三位一体”的管理模式，使黄南州妇幼卫生项 目工作取得了前所未有的成绩，推动了全州妇幼卫生事业的发展。     

Second to fourth digit ratio and cooperative behavior

A low second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been related to high testosterone levels and to markers of high status. In a social dilemma context status can be obtained either by acting egoistically (i.e. not contributing one's share) or by acting altruistically (i.e. contributing more than one's fair share). We therefore predicted that a low 2D:4D would be associated with high levels of egoism and altruism and low levels of common cooperativeness (i.e. contributing exactly one's fair share). We found the exact opposite: participants with a low 2D:4D were more likely to act cooperatively and less likely to act altruistically and egoistically. These findings suggest that: (1) there might be a high and a low testosterone strategy to gain status and (2) the high testosterone strategy is characterized by a preference for normative behavior.     

基于“校院合作”的临床医学专业课教学运行与管理

以“校院合作”为基础,将第二学年的临床医学专业课教学放在附属医院和教学医院进行。根据专业课的教学内容和特点,采取理论授课、床边教学、案例教学、情景教学、实训室教学做一体化、临床见习等教学方式,通过选聘和培养合格教师、建立实训场所、加强教学管理和质量监控等措施,保证和提高了专业课教学效果。     

纤维乳管镜检查的护理配合

目的:探讨使用纤维乳管镜仪器对乳头溢液患者治疗过程中的护理配合。方法:对62例行纤维乳管镜检查过程中的护理配合情况进行总结、分析。结果:通过术前术后的恰当护理及术中密切配合,62例患者均顺利完成检查,无并发症发生。结论:纤维乳管镜检查是一种对乳头溢液患者行之有效的检查方法,护理人员在使用纤维乳管镜前后悉心检查,做好消毒保养工作并与医师密切配合,能为乳头溢液患者的最佳诊断治疗提供有效的保证。     

加强政产学研合作 促进办学水平提升

高校通过政产学研合作,充分融合和发挥了人才培养、科学研究、服务社会、文化传承的功能,进一步提升了高校的办学水平和综合实力。为深化政产学研合作,提升办学水平和综合实力,高校应该转变观念、有效整合资源、多渠道筹措项目资金、完善激励机制、加强与地方政府及企业的合作。