胆红素代谢紊乱

胆红素代谢紊乱的临床主要表现为黄疸，也是高胆红素血症的表征，同时为肝病最常见的症状之一，黄疸鉴别诊断在临床日常诊疗工作中占极其重要的地位。     

Primary sleep disorders seen at a Neurology service-based sleep clinic in India: Patterns over an 8-year period

There is an increasing awareness for recognition of sleep disorders in India; however, there is still a huge gap in the number of people suffering from various sleep disorders, in the community versus those visiting hospital clinics for the same. Ours is a neurology services-based sleep disorders clinic, which has evolved successfully over the last decade. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the changes in referral patterns and distribution of various sleep disorders in the patients presenting to the clinic.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective chart review-based study on all patients seen over an 8-year period, divided into 2 groups comprising of patients seen during the first 4 years versus those seen over the next 4 years. Only those patients who had the sleep disorder as their presenting manifestation and those who had been formally interviewed with a pre-structured questionnaire detailing about the main features of the common sleep disorders according to the ICSD-R were included. Patients, in whom the sleep disorder could be clearly attributable to another neurological or systemic disorder, were excluded. Statistical analysis was carried out to identify the differences between the two groups as regards the distribution of various sleep disorders and other clinical data.

Results:

Among 710 patients registered in the clinic, 469 were included for analysis and 222 patients formed group 1 while 247 formed group 2. The main differences observed were in the form of a clear increase in the percentage of patients with sleep-related breathing disorders, sleep-related movement disorder, and the hypersomnias on comparison of distribution over the first 4 years versus the last 4 years; while a clear decline was seen in the number of patients with insomnia and parasomnias. A 3-fold increase was observed in the number of patients in whom polysomnography was obtained.

Conclusion:

The distribution of various sleep disorders as seen in a neurology service-based sleep clinic is demonstrated in this study. Increasing referrals for sleep-disordered breathing, restless legs syndrome, and fewer referrals for insomnia and parasomnias might reflect on changing physician and patient awareness in our community.     

Vers une psychiatrie énactive et computationnelle

IntroductionPsychiatry is challenged by a plurality of complementary approaches. These challenges stem from the existence of multiple levels of understanding, i.e. systems of representations, tools, methodologies and objectives in psychiatry–ranging from computational approaches and systems dynamics to the multiplicity of emerging nosographies, such as the NIMH Research Domain Criteria project or staging models. In this plurality, a significant number of clinicians have adopted the biopsychosocial model. However, such a model has been widely criticized for more than twenty years. In parallel, science has declined a set of different pluralistic frameworks. Thus, through the challenges of computational modeling in psychiatry, we will see how the enactive approach of psychiatry could respond to this multiplicity. Indeed, such an enactive approach considers that perception is a (predictive) activity, which gives sense to the environment (i.e., sense making). Perception and, by extension, cognitive processes are not internal representations of the outside world, but they are deployed according to the 5E approach, i.e., an embodied, embedded, enacted, emotive and extended approach.MethodsIn this article, we first study the pluralist framework in psychiatry, in order to show its contributions in the clinical practice. Secondly, we analyze the contributions of the enactive approach for clinical practice in psychiatry.ResultsTwo forms of pluralisms can be described: a non-integrative pluralism and an integrative pluralism. The first examines the coexistence of different potentially incompatible or untranslatable systems in the scientific or clinical landscape. The second proposes the development of a general framework, bringing together the different levels of understanding and systems of representations. However, pluralism has many pitfalls and limitations. Especially by allowing computational modeling, the enactive framework, anchored both in cognitive sciences, theory of dynamic systems, systems biology and phenomenology, has recently been proposed as an answer to the challenge of integrative psychiatry.ConclusionsA significant number of mental health professionals are already working accepting such a variety of clinical and scientific approaches. We show that the enactive approach allows psychiatry: (1) to consider the subjectivity and the patient's experience, (2) to articulate different “granularities” within the clinical consultation, (3) to explain the benefits the creation of meaning for the patient, (4) to provide concrete models, (5) to support pedagogy in psychiatry. The enactive approach provides a conception for understanding psychiatric disorders as embodied, embedded, enacted, emotional and extended. In that way, the manifestations experienced by the patients are sense making experiences and can be conceived according to various levels of granularity.     

颅痛安颗粒治疗血管性头痛的临床及实验研究

目的：观察颅痛安颗粒对血管性头痛的疗效及其对血液流变学指标的影响；方法：①临床研究：同期内用同一纳入标准将确诊为本病的病人随机分为两组进行对照试验，治疗组口服颅痛安颗粒l袋(10g)，每日3次；对照组口服正天丸l袋(6g)，每日3次。连续服用28d后按同一疗效标准判定，同时采用全自动血流变快测仪(FASCO——9700型)观测两组血液流变学指标治疗前后的变化，并将结果进行统计学检验。②实验研究：采用全自动血流变快测仪(FAS—CO-3030型)观测不同剂量颅痛安颗粒对肾上腺素所致血瘀家兔模型的血液流变学指标的影响，同时设置空白对照组、模型组、正天丸对照组进行对比，并将结果进行统计学检验。结果：两组临床总有效率分别是：颅痛安颗粒组95%，正天丸组85％。实验研究中，颅痛安颗粒组和血瘀模型家兔在治疗全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞比容、血沉、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞电泳时间、卡松屈服应力，两组比较有统计学意义。结论：颅痛安颗粒治疗血管性头痛疗效确切，并能明显改善其血液流变学指标。     

Diurnal variations of cardiac rhythm,arterial pressure,and urinary catecholamines in borderline and established essential hypertension

Ambulatory continuous ECG and arterial pressure (BP) were recorded simultaneously (Delmar Avionics Pressurometer II) for 24 hours in 13 age-matched normotensive subjects, 11 patients with borderline hypertension (HBP), and in 10 patients with uncomplicated established essential HBP. Urinary concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were simultaneously collected over four successive 4-hour periods and one 8-hour period. Prevalence and total number of ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats was low and not affected by arterial BP. Twenty-four-hour heart rate (HR) and 4-hourly excretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were comparable between normotensive and HBP persons and no correlation between urinary catecholamines and arterial BP (systolic, diastolic, or mean), HR, or prevalence of ectopic beats was found in any of the three groups or in the total study population. We conclude that HBP patients without ECG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy do not have a higher prevalence of supraventricular or ventricular ectopic beats. Urinary catecholamines are not related to circadian fluctuations or variability in arterial BP, HR, or prevalence of ectopic beats.     

Long-term endocardial atrial pacing in children with postoperative bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome and limited ventricular access

Permanent pacing in children, including those with postoperative bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, has been compromised by the availability of pulse generators, electrode leads and implantation techniques designed for the adult patient. Recent technologic improvements and simplified implantation techniques have reduced many of these barriers and have made endocardial as well as epicardial ventricular pacing more feasible. However, in some children, ventricular pacing may be impeded by anatomic abnormalities due to congenital anomalies or prior cardiac operations. In these instances, endocardial atrial pacing may provide an alternative therapeutic approach in selected patients. This report describes the use of endocardial atrial demand pacing in four children with postoperative bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome and restricted ventricular access. This approach controls symptomatic bradycardia, helps prevent and convert paroxysmal intraatrial tachycardia and overcomes the problem of limited ventricular access.