Maximal oxygen consumption,pulmonary function,body composition,and anthropometry of adolescent female athletes

Three groups of girl athletes — 10 gymnasts and 8 middle-distance swimmers averaging 14 years of age, and 8 middle-distance runners averaging almost 19 — were the subjects of this study. The maximal oxygen intake was determined by graded work load on a bicycle ergometer, certain pulmonary functions by spirometry, and total body potassium by wholebody counting of naturally radioactive⁴⁰K. The total body water was obtained from measurements of deuterium oxide and application of the dilution principle, and creatinine excretion was determined from urine collections. Fat-free mass was calculated from total body water, and the amount of body fat was obtained by subtracting fat-free mass from body weight. Cell mass was calculated from total body potassium. Supporting evidence of leanness or fatness was provided by anthropometric measurements.The runners and swimmers achieved significantly higher maximal oxygen consumption per kg of body weight, fat-free mass, and cell mass; and the runners excelled the gymnasts in certain other pulmonary functions. Total body potassium in milliequivalents per kg of body weight, total body water expressed in percentage of body weight, and creatinine coefficients were similar in all three groups of subjects. These results indicated no differences in body composition. Calculations of body fat, fat-free mass, and cellular mass verified that conclusion; and supporting evidence was obtained from subcutaneous fat folds and from appraisal of leanness by corrected limb diameters or volumes, which also were similar in all three groups.     

Study on the mechanism of the appearance of noise effects

Summary This study was undertaken to investigate the dose-response relationship between the biological effect and noise exposure, and to consider the mechanism of the appearance of noise effects. Rats were exposed to noise at intensities of 60 dB (A), 80 dB (A) and 100 dB (A) for 240 min and examined for the change of activities of dopamine--hydroxylase (DBH) in serum and adrenal glands. Plasma cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (c-AMP) levels were also measured. Some rats were given 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a chemical sympathectomyzing agent 20 h before noise exposure in order to consider the mechanism of the appearance of noise effects. By noise exposure, serum DBH activity was significantly (P<0.01) increased at each intensity compared with the control group, but there were no remarkable changes in adrenal DBH activity. Plasma c-AMP level was also significantly elevated in response to the noise stress. When the rats, which had been pretreated with 6-OHDA, were exposed to noise with an intensity of 100 dB (A), the response of serum DBH activity was no longer observed. Therefore it is suggested that the effect due to noise exposure appears through the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber.     

Spontaneous activity of single neurons in the olfactory bulb of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and its modulation by olfactory stimulation with amino acids

Summary Spontaneous action potentials recorded from 126 neurons in the olfactory bulb of Salmo gairdneri show a higher tendency towards bursting patterns of activity than those shown in previous reports about other fish. Granule cells and periglomerular cells are more likely to fire in bursts than mitral cells. Natural chemical stimulation of the olfactory mucosa with amino acid solutions produced a unique pattern of excitatory and inhibitory responses across all units. Chi-square values were calculated for stimulatory effectiveness between forty-five pairs of odours. L-serine and L-alanine consistently showed a high degree of similarity with several other odours. The converse was true for GABA and L-histidine, although this pair had a high chi-square value when mutually compared. Enantiomeric pairs of amino acids were often found to have opposite stimulatory effects on bulbar units. These results are discussed in relation to the possible properties and configurations of odorant receptor sites for amino acids in the fish olfactory mucosa.     

Differential sensitivity to Arg side chain modification of IL-1β binding to type I and type II receptors

The central role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in several disease processes, including fever and inflammation, makes the characterization of ligand-receptor interaction of prime importance.The role of arginine (Arg) side chains of hr-IL-1 in receptor recognition was studied by the modification of Arg residues with the specific reagent 1,2-cyclohexanedione. It was found that chemical modification of Arg residues decreased the binding potential of IL-1 to type I receptor dramatically (by 230-fold) while the affinity to type II receptor was reduced only moderately (by 10-fold), with an insignificant reduction of the dissociation rate.These studies suggest that intact Arg side chains of IL-1 may be necessary for high affinity binding to type I IL-1 receptor, but have less importance for the interaction of IL-1 with type II IL-1 receptor.This observation may be useful in the study of type II IL-1 receptor-mediated biological responses and design of receptor-subtype specific ligands as well.     

Genetically regulated human (T,G)-AL specific helper T cell replacing factors possess HLA-DR and Vh determinants

Human (T,G)-AL specific T cell helper factors secreted by in vitro activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal donors were characterized. Factors were passed through columns of Sepharose coupled either to antibodies against human immunoglobulin or antibodies against the variable region of the heavy (V_h) and light (V_l) chains of human immunoglobulin. In addition, the same factors were applied to columns of Sepharose coupled to anti-HLA-DR antibodies or to monoclonal antibodies against human Ia or β₂-microglobulin. The activity of the antigen specific factors was removed by the anti-V_h antibodies and not by anti-V_l or anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies. The factors passed through Sepharose coupled to anti-DR antibodies could be removed and eluted from columns of anti-DR antibodies relevant to the donors' DR antigens. The same factors were also removed by a monoclonal antibody (anti-Ia) which recognizes a monomorphic determinant on HLA-DR, but not by monoclonal anti-β₂-microglobulin. The results suggest that the genetically regulated (T,G)-AL specific helper factors possess HLA-DR as well as V_h determinants in their active moiety.     

Changes in place of origin of heroin seized in Denmark from 1981 to 1986

Summary Hundred thirty-eight samples of heroin weighing more than 0.1g seized between 1981 and 1986 were characterized according to their contents of opium alkaloids, adulterants, and diluents together with their form and color. The chemical fingerprint was used to establish a change in the heroin during the period. As compared to the first few years covered by the survey, a predominant number of the samples at the end of the period were in the base form and contained the opium alkaloids papaverine and noscapine. In particular, the concentration of noscapine as related to the heroin content of each sample had increased considerably, indicating Pakistan or Iran as being the places of origin of most of the heroin seized in Denmark at the end of the period.     

中国化学会期刊集群平台建设的探究和实践

【目的】 探索现有条件下我国建设化学专业刊群的有效方式和途径,为我国专业期刊集群建设和期刊发展提供经验和借鉴。【方法】 以中国化学会期刊集群的建设为主要研究对象,分析总结在我国期刊发展现有环境下化学专业刊群建设的现状、存在的问题、解决方案和启示。【结果】 中国化学会通过专业期刊集群建设、数据整合,为我国化学工作者提供丰富的学术资源,为国产优质化学期刊提供一个重要的展示、合作平台,但在规模、学术质量、运营方面仍有很大差距,还需进一步提高建设水平。【结论】 专业刊群建设应勇于突破固有观念屏障,以优质数据资源为基础,充分发挥集群优势,构建期刊协同发展格局,为我国相关专业学科发展作出应有的贡献。     

益智仁在疾病中的研究进展

〔摘 要〕 益智仁为姜科山姜属植物益智的干燥成熟果实,是我国著名的四大南药之一,在临床上常用于治疗腹泻、尿频、 炎症以及癌症等疾病。近年来,对益智仁的药理研究主要在其提取物和化学成分上,本文作者综述了其在腹泻、阿尔茨海 默病（AD）、癌症、肾病、骨疾病等方面的研究,为以后对益智仁的研究、开发与应用提供了基础。     

饮水型地方性氟中毒病区儿童氟斑牙患病情况与血清化学元素的关系

目的探讨改水后儿童氟斑牙患病情况和儿童体内化学元素的关系。方法采用分层抽样调查方法,根据西安市疾病预防控制中心近20年的监测资料,将西安市饮水型地方性氟中毒病区按照改水年限1~、5~、10~及≥15年进行分层,每层抽取2个病区自然村为调查点。每个调查点选择7~13岁学龄期儿童为调查对象,检查氟斑牙患病情况;并采集血样,检测血清中14种化学元素(钙、铁、镁、铜、锌、碘、硒、铅、砷、镉、铬、氟、汞、镍)含量。分析不同改水年限以及不同氟斑牙患病情况儿童体内化学元素含量的差异。结果不同改水年限的病区村(1~、5~、10~及≥15年)儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为51.40%(55/107)、16.92%(11/65)、16.67%(17/102)和5.08%(6/118),差异有统计学意义(χ²=74.444,P<0.05)。不同改水年限儿童体内血清钙、铜、铁、镁、锌、碘、硒、铅、砷、铬、氟、镍含量比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。氟斑牙儿童体内铁、锌、镍含量均低于正常儿童(P均<0.05),氟斑牙儿童体内氟含量高于正常儿童(P<0.05)。氟斑牙儿童与正常儿童体内的其余化学元素含量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论改水年限≥15年的病区村儿童氟斑牙检出率最低,改水降氟可减少儿童氟斑牙检出率。病区儿童存在部分化学元素缺乏的问题。     

新愿景下毒性测试方法的发展与变革

随着全球化学品产量增加, 人群暴露及健康风险加重, 对化学品毒性测试和安全性评价提出更高的要求。21世纪毒性测试愿景和策略的提出大力推动了毒性测试的变革。新时代毒性测试通过运用新模型、新方法和新策略, 结合交叉学科和高新技术优势, 得到了长足发展。提高化学物毒性测试效率的同时, 也实现了更全面、多层次、高质量的数据获取和毒性评价, 为毒作用模式、毒作用机制和毒性通路的探索提供有力支持。本期重点号围绕当前毒性测试替代新方法, 邀请多位学者对高内涵分析、3D细胞培养技术、Ex vivo试验、单细胞测序、斑马鱼实验方法进行介绍和阐述, 以期为推动我国化学物毒性测试评估实现跨越发展开拓崭新思路。