核苷酸类似物治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化死亡原因分析

目的探讨接受核苷（酸）类似物治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者对生存期和死亡原因的影响.方法在60例失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化死亡患者中,20例曾接受过抗病毒治疗,40例未曾抗病毒治疗.结果两组在肝性脑病、上消化道出血、肝肾综合征和感染的发生率方面比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;在性别、年龄、肝炎病程和肝功能分级方面比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;抗病毒组和未抗病毒组患者肝硬化病程分别为62.5±41.1月和30.5±45.0月（P〈0.05）,3年生存率为75.0%和37.5%（P〈0.01）,但在5年、7年和9年生存率方面比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）.结论抗病毒治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化能提高3年生存率,但不能避免并发症的发生.     

Causes of death in Japanese patients with diabetes based on the results of a survey of 45,708 cases during 2001–2010: Report of the Committee on Causes of Death in Diabetes Mellitus

The principal causes of death among 45,708 patients with diabetes (29,801 men and 15,907 women) who died in 241 hospitals throughout Japan during 2001–2010 were determined based on a survey of the hospital records. Autopsy had been conducted in 978 of the 45,708 cases. The most frequent cause of death was malignant neoplasia (38.3%), followed by, in order of descending frequency: infections (17.0%); and then vascular diseases (14.9%), including renal failure (3.5%), ischemic heart diseases (4.8%) and cerebrovascular diseases (6.6%). Diabetic coma associated with hyperglycemia with or without ketoacidosis accounted for only 0.6% of the deaths. In regard to the relationship between the age and cause of death in patients with diabetes, the incidence of death due to vascular diseases was higher in patients over the age of 30 or 40 years, and the 97.0% of the total death due to vascular diseases was observed in patients over the age of 50 years. The incidence of death due to infectious diseases, especially pneumonia, increased in an age‐dependent fashion, and the 80.7% of the total death due to pneumonia was observed in patients over the age of 70 years. ’Poorer’ glycemic control was associated with the reduced lifespan of patients with diabetes, especially of those with nephropathy. The average age at death in the survey population was 72.6 years. The lifespan was 1.6 years shorter in patients with ‘poorer’ glycemic control than in those with ‘better’ glycemic control. In patients with diabetes of less than 10 years’ duration, the incidence of death due to macroangiopathy was higher than that due to nephropathy. Of the 45,708 patients with diabetes, 33.9% were on oral medication, 41.9% received insulin therapy and 18.8% were treated by diet alone. Among the patients in whom the cause of death was diabetic nephropathy, a high percentage, 53.7%, was on insulin therapy. The average age at death of the 45,708 patients with diabetes was 71.4 years in men and 75.1 years in women. However, the report of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan in 2010 set the average lifespan of the Japanese at 79.6 years for men and 86.3 years for women. Thus, the average lifespan of patients with diabetes still appears to be shorter than that of the general population in Japan. However, the differences in lifespan between patients with diabetes and the general population were shorter than those in the former surveys.     

Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation

This paper considers the argument for obesity as a chronic relapsing disease process. Obesity is viewed from an epidemiological model, with an agent affecting the host and producing disease. Food is the primary agent, particularly foods that are high in energy density such as fat, or in sugar‐sweetened beverages. An abundance of food, low physical activity and several other environmental factors interact with the genetic susceptibility of the host to produce positive energy balance. The majority of this excess energy is stored as fat in enlarged, and often more numerous fat cells, but some lipid may infiltrate other organs such as the liver (ectopic fat). The enlarged fat cells and ectopic fat produce and secrete a variety of metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory products that produce damage in organs such as the arteries, heart, liver, muscle and pancreas. The magnitude of the obesity and its adverse effects in individuals may relate to the virulence or toxicity of the environment and its interaction with the host. Thus, obesity fits the epidemiological model of a disease process except that the toxic or pathological agent is food rather than a microbe. Reversing obesity will prevent most of its detrimental effects.     

婴幼儿烧伤后惊厥的原因及防治

目的 回顾性分析74例烧伤后惊厥患儿的临床资料,总结婴幼儿烧伤后惊厥的常见原因及处理方法.方法 给予婴幼儿惊厥常规治疗,在烧伤创面使用湿润烧伤膏换药治疗.结果 74例患儿中,73例患儿烧伤创面治愈后出院,1例患儿死亡.结论 婴幼儿烧伤后及时有效地行抗休克复苏、维持水电解质稳定、正确的换药方法、积极清除坏死组织,可以减少烧伤后婴幼儿惊厥的发生,提高婴幼儿烧伤治愈率.     

A ten-year retrospective review of maternal cardiac arrest: Incidence,characteristics, causes,and outcomes in a tertiary-care hospital in a developing country

ObjectiveMaternal cardiac arrest is rare. We retrospectively reviewed and reported (1) the incidence of maternal cardiac arrests during admissions for delivery; (2) the characteristics and causes of cardiac arrest; and (3) the mortality rate and outcomes in a referral, single-university, teaching hospital in Thailand.Materials and methodsData on 23 cardiac arrests during admissions for delivery in the decade January 2006–December 2015 were retrospectively chart-reviewed. Patients with gestational ages under 24 weeks or cardiac arrests and death occurring before hospital arrival were excluded. The clinical characteristics of the arrests and outcomes were collected.ResultsOf 89,368 deliveries during the decade, 23 women suffered cardiac arrest (incidence, 1:3885), with 3 of those arrests occurring before delivery (incidence, 1:29,789). One patient underwent a perimortem cesarean delivery in the operating theatre. The most common reasons for the arrests were hypertension during pregnancy and cardiovascular causes (30.4% and 21.7%, respectively). Amniotic fluid embolisms were suspected for 2 patients (8.7%) with unidentified causes. The incidence of maternal deaths in peripartum cardiac arrests was 20/23, representing 86.9% (95% CI, 67.9–95.5) or 1:4468 of deliveries. Three patients suffering cardiac arrests after delivery survived to discharge.ConclusionsWe found a high maternal mortality rate following cardiac arrests during hospitalization for delivery. To decrease the incidence of arrests during the peripartum period and diminish the maternal mortality rate, identification of the causes and precipitating factors is vital. High-risk pregnant women require multidisciplinary care to improve the survival-to-discharge rate.     

根因分析法在老年患者跌倒管理中的应用

目的：探讨根因分析法（RCA）在老年患者跌倒中的应用及效果。方法：应用RCA对住院老年患者跌倒个案进行调查分析,确定根本原因,制定并落实改进措施,比较应用RCA前后的实施效果。结果：应用RCA前后老年患者跌倒发生率有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,跌倒率由3.12‰下降到了0.92‰。结论：RCA对预防老年患者跌倒管理具有很好的导向作用。保证环境设施安全是预防跌倒的前提;强化系统安全建立是预防跌倒的根本;指导训练老年患者良好的健康行为是预防跌倒的关键;合理配置夜班护理人力资源是预防跌倒的主要手段。     

Causes of secondary glaucoma in Paraguay

Summary Glaucoma is the third-most-frequent cause of blindness in the world, with a total of 5.2 million blind people as a result of this disease; 80 % live in developing countries. In Paraguay, after cataract it is the second-most-frequent-cause. Early detection of the risk factors and groups can help to avoid progress of this disease. Trauma, cataract and infectious uveitis represent special risks for developing secondary glaucoma, which is a more frequent cause of blindness in third-world countries than in industrialized nations. Until now there has been little data regarding the causes, disease course, and options for therapy. Therefore, secondary glaucoma was examined in Paraguay to obtain information on the situation in Latin America. The aim of the study was to explore the causes of secondary glaucoma for programs concerning prevention and therapy. From November 1996 to February 1997 patients with secondary glaucoma were examined at the University Hospital of Asunción, Paraguay. After the clinical examination the secondary glaucomas were classified. Patients with primary glaucoma were included in the same period of time as well in order to get the rate of secondary glaucoma. Altogether 293 patients were examined: 61 with secondary and 232 with primary glaucoma. The causes of secondary glaucoma in 73 eyes were: 20 (27 %) with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, 19 (26 %) with post-traumatic glaucoma, 16 (22 %) with neovascular glaucoma, 4 (5 %) with lens-related glaucoma, 3 (4 %) with glaucoma associated with ocular surgery, 2 (3 %) with pigmentary and 2 (3 %) with corticoid-induced glaucoma. A ratio of 4:1 primary glaucomas to secondary glaucomas was found. The development of special measures for prevention and early therapy is only possible if the causes of this severe disease are explored. The results of this study represent basic information and could help to introduce of prevention programs.      

北京市288例长寿老人5年纵向观察

报道288例长寿老人5年(1985.6～1990.6)纵向观察结果,5年累计存活率为22.2％,死因依次为心血管病、肺部感染、脑血管病。免疫功能观察,体液免疫无显著变化,细胞免疫有显著降低。慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、老年痴呆、股骨颈骨折及尿失禁等患病率分别由42.2％、42.2％、4.7％、4.7％及3.1％增至68.8％、68.8％、15.6％、14.1％及7.8％。对长寿因素及保健措施进行了讨论。     

Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy, 1980-1985: Report from the European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry

Diabetic nephropathy, a rarely listed cause of end-stage renalfailure (ESRF) among patients starting renal replacement therapy(RRT) in the early seventies, has progressively gained in importanceand become one of the major reasons for the continuous growthof the patient population on RRT in most European countries.Amongst new patients commencing RRT in 1985, the acceptancerate varied between 3 and 12 per million population for typeI diabetes mellitus and between one and four per million populationfor type II diabetes mellitus. Nordic countries, particularlySweden and Finland, had the highest acceptance rate of youngpatients with type I diabetes mellitus whose median ages were38–42 years. In most central and southern European countriesthe median age of patients with type I diabetes mellitus variedbetween 50 and 58 years. The high number of young patients withtype I diabetes mellitus and ESRF in Nordic countries pointto a different natural history of this disease. It cannot beexcluded, however, that the higher median age in other countriesmight result from doctors mistakenly diagnosing type I diseasein patients with type II disease who need insulin treatment.Patients with type II diabetes mellitus had a similar age distributionat start of RRT throughout Europe and their median ages clusteredaround 60 years in most countries. The contribution of haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renaltransplantation was analysed for diabetic compared to non-diabeticESRF. Despite large geographical differences in the proportionaluse of methods of treatment, a general trend to apply CAPD morefrequently in diabetic as compared to non-diabetic patientswas observed, and this was true for countries with both predominanthaemodialysis and predominant transplant programmes. Transplantationwithout prior dialysis was performed in 17% of Swedish and 30%of Norwegian patients with type I diabetes mellitus. In order to better explain the high mortality of patients withdiabetic ESRF, the proportional distribution of causes of deathwas analysed. Myocardial ischaemia and infarction was confirmedto be the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellituson RRT. The coronary death rate was estimated to be 10 timesgreater in young patients with type I diabetes mellitus as comparedto their non-diabetic counterparts. Other cardiovascular aswell as infectious causes were recorded in a similar proportionof deaths in diabetics as in non-diabetics. Cancer deaths, however,appeared to be definitely less frequent in patients on RRT dueto diabetic nephropathy.     

《诸病源候论》对宣导术的发挥

《诸病源候论》是一部中医临床病理学和证候学方面的不朽专著,在记述诸证之后多附养生法和宣导术以防治疾病。书中所载不仅保存早已失传的很多内容,并对宣导术有诸多发挥,如解释行功的具体做法,对宣导术理论阐发,对宣导基本术语进行通俗易懂的解释,宣导后附有医嘱,强调调气伴咽津,宣导结合存思,导引饮食忌宜,最早明确“六字决”与脏腑配对及“辨证施功”。