北京市宣武区健康婴幼儿鼻咽部肺炎链球菌流感嗜血杆菌及卡他莫拉菌携带率调查

目的了解2009--2010年北京市宣武区婴幼儿鼻咽部肺炎链球菌（SP）、流感嗜血杆菌（HI）及卡他莫拉菌（MC）携带情况。方法随机选择北京市宣武区300名12-18月龄婴幼儿作为监测对象,从鼻咽部采集标本,分离培养SP、HI及MC。结果受检婴幼儿600人次,分离出SP47株、HI27株和MC89株。婴幼儿在初夏季节的3种细菌携带率分别为9-3％、2．33％和10．98％;在冬春季节分别为6．29％、6．62％和18．54％。结论北京市宣武区12～18月龄婴幼儿的SP、HI及MC的携带率分别为7．4％、4．59％和19．07％,3种细菌携带率在不同季节具有显著性差异。     

Carrier priming effect of CRM197 is related to an enhanced B and T cell activation in meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccination. Immunological comparison between CRM197 and diphtheria toxoid

Glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of a pathogenic bacteria covalently linked to carrier proteins. Pre-exposure to the carrier is known to influence the efficacy of the glycoconjugate, by inducing enhanced or suppressed anti-CPS response. Following our previous work on the immunogenicity of diphtheria toxin mutant CRM₁₉₇ and formaldehyde-treated diphtheria toxoid (DT) as carriers for meningococcal A (MenA) conjugates in mouse model, we further investigated the role of the carrier on the immunological response to glycoconjugate vaccines. We previously showed that high dosage DT priming could result in carrier-induced epitopic suppression (CIES), an event that did not occur for CRM₁₉₇ priming, and we observed that anti-DT IgGs could cross-react with DT based conjugates in vitro. Here, we confirmed the cross-reactivity of anti-carrier IgGs with DT conjugates in vivo. Furthermore, we analyzed the splenocytes of animals primed with the carrier and subsequently immunized with the MenA conjugate. Pre-exposure to the carrier protein, both CRM₁₉₇ and DT, resulted in increased carrier-specific plasma and memory B cell response. However, only for CRM₁₉₇ priming an enhanced carbohydrate-specific plasma cell response was observed. Analysis of circulating IgGs confirmed these observations. Memory to the CPS resulted to be non-influenced by carrier priming. Analysis of T helper response showed an enhancement effect for CRM₁₉₇ priming, while DT priming resulted in constrained T cell activation. Stimulation with CRM₁₉₇, which does not require formaldehyde detoxification, of splenocytes from animal immunized with DT suggested that the formaldehyde treatment used to produce DT might be the cause of limited presentation of the antigen to the T cells. We concluded that the dominant carrier-specific B cell response in case of limited T cell recruitment might explain the previously observed CIES phenomenon in case of DT priming.     

Comparison of CRM197, diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid as protein carriers for meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines

Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the most effective and safest vaccines ever developed. Diphtheria toxoid (DT), tetanus toxoid (TT) and CRM₁₉₇ have been mostly used as protein carriers in licensed vaccines. We evaluated the immunogenicity of serogroup A, C, W-135 and Y meningococcal oligosaccharides conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, DT and TT in naïve mice. The three carriers were equally efficient in inducing an immune response against the carbohydrate moiety in immunologically naïve mice. The effect of previous exposure to different dosages of the carrier protein on the anti-carbohydrate response was studied using serogroup A meningococcal (MenA) saccharide conjugates as a model. CRM₁₉₇ showed a strong propensity to positively prime the anti-carbohydrate response elicited by its conjugates or those with the antigenically related carrier DT. Conversely in any of the tested conditions TT priming did not result in enhancement of the anti-carbohydrate response elicited by the corresponding conjugates. Repeated exposure of mice to TT or to CRM₁₉₇ before immunization with the respective MenA conjugates resulted in a drastic suppression of the anti-carbohydrate response in the case of TT conjugate and only in a slight reduction in the case of CRM₁₉₇. The effect of carrier priming on the anti-MenA response of DT-based conjugates varied depending on their carbohydrate to protein ratio. These data may have implications for human vaccination since conjugate vaccines are widely used in individuals previously immunized with DT and TT carrier proteins.     

气溶胶喷雾对空气和物体表面的消毒效果

目的 测试气溶胶喷雾过氧乙酸、过氧化氢(H2O2)对医院病房、救护车内空气和表面消毒效果。方法 按“消毒技术规范”规定方法进行。结果 对白色葡萄球菌(即金黄色葡萄球菌)：过氧乙酸和H2O20.05％～0.15％20～30ml／m^3，作用5～30min，杀灭率为99.99％；对细菌芽胞：过氧乙酸0.1％～0.8％ 20～30ml／m^3，作用30～60min，杀灭率为99.99％；对自然菌：过氧乙酸0.6％20ml／m^3，作用60min，平均杀灭率为99．48％。结论 用气溶胶喷雾过氧乙酸对医院病房、救护车内空气和表面进行消毒处理：0.1％～0.8％，20～30ml／m^3，作用30～60min，均达到可靠的消毒效果；此方法使表面消毒和空气消毒相结合，较传统的甲醛熏蒸消毒效果好、毒性低、省药、省时、方便、易行。     

脆性X染色体综合征家系遗传学分析

对一个脆性X染色体阳性家系进行了调查,用缺叶酸培养基(TC199)检查2名患者,脆性X检出率分别为13％,19％,本家系内尚有1名男性携带者,提示该家系脆性X染色体综合征不属于典型的X连锁隐性遗传。     

Carrier-mediated release of monoamines induced by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist DMPP

We have previously shown that dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) increases the release of noradrenaline (NA) from rat hippocampal slices via two distinct mechanisms: a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated exocytosis and a carrier-mediated release induced by the reversal of NA transporters. Our aim was to investigate whether other monoaminergic systems are also affected by the multiple actions of DMPP. In our experiments DMPP dose-dependently increased the release of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) from rat striatal and hippocampal slices, respectively. The dual effect was observed, however, only in case of DA at a lower DMPP concentration (30 microM), where the response was partly inhibited by mecamylamine, TTX and Ca2+-free medium (nAChR-mediated exocytosis) while the other part of the response was blocked only by the DA uptake inhibitor nomifensine (carrier-mediated release). In contrast, the DMPP-evoked 5-HT release and the DA release induced by high concentration DMPP was not inhibited by nicotinic antagonists, TTX and Ca2+-free medium but only by selective uptake inhibitors. In addition, DMPP dose-dependently inhibited the [3H]DA and [3H]5-HT uptake in striatal and hippocampal synaptosome preparation with an IC50 of 3.18 and 0.49 microM, respectively. Our data show that DMPP interacts with monoamine transporters and induces a substantial carrier-mediated release of DA and 5-HT, therefore caution is needed for the interpretation of data, when this drug is used as a nAChR agonist.     

A群脑膜炎多糖菌苗接种前后流脑流行规律的改变及今后预防对策

本文研究了在使用菌苗预防前后的流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行强度的变迁，年龄、地区及季节分布特点，人群的易感性及带菌率之间的关系，并讨论了今后的预防措施。     

Air classifier technology (ACT) in dry powder inhalation. Part 2. The effect of lactose carrier surface properties on the drug-to-carrier interaction in adhesive mixtures for inhalation

The effect of carrier surface properties on drug particle detachment from carrier crystals during inhalation with a special test inhaler with basic air classifier has been studied for mixtures containing 0.4% budesonide. Carrier crystals were retained in the classifier during inhalation and subsequently examined for the amount of residual drug (carrier residue: CR). Carrier surface roughness and impurity were varied within the range of their appearance in standard grades of lactose (Pharmatose 80, 100, 110, 150 and 200 M) by making special sieve fractions. It was found that roughness and impurity, both per unit calculated surface area (CSA), tend to increase with increasing mean fraction diameter for the carrier. Drug re-distribution experiments with two different carrier sieve fractions with distinct mean diameters showed that the amount of drug per CSA (drug load) in the state of equilibrium is highest for the coarsest fraction. This seems to confirm that surface carrier irregularities are places where drug particles preferentially accumulate. However, a substantial increase in surface roughness and impurity appears to be necessary to cause only a minor increase in CR at an inspiratory flow rate of 30 l/min through a classifier. At 60 l/min, CR is practically independent of the carrier surface properties. From the difference in CR between 30 and 60 l/min, it has been concluded that particularly the highest adhesive forces (for the largest drug particles) in the mixture are increased when coarser carrier fractions (with higher rugosity) are used. Not only increased surface roughness and impurities may be responsible for an increase in the adhesive forces between drug and carrier particles when coarser carrier fractions are used, but also bulk properties may play a role. With increasing mean carrier diameter, inertial and frictional forces during mixing are increased too, resulting in higher press-on forces with which the drug particles are attached to carrier crystals and to each other.     

臭氧水消毒器对微生物杀灭效果的试验观察

目的：观察臭氧水消毒器产生臭氧水的杀菌效果。方法：采用悬液定量和载体定量杀菌试验进行检测。结果：该机产生含臭氧4．20mg／L的水溶液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌作用5min的杀灭率均为100％；当菌液中含有10％蛋白胨时，对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌作用5min的杀灭率分别为55．67％、59．48％和37．44％。用消毒液流动浸泡载体定量杀菌试验，含臭氧4．20mg／L的水溶液作用30min对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的平均杀灭率分别为99．95％、99．99％和96．94％。结论：该臭氧水消毒器产生的臭氧水具有一定消毒效果。