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951.
952.
Fitzgerald ML Shobin E Pickel VM 《Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry》2012,38(1):21-29
Cannabinoid modulation of dopaminergic transmission is suggested by the ability of delta9-tetrahydrocanabinoid to affect motor and motivated behaviors in a manner similar to that produced by pharmacological manipulation of the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems. These behavioral effects as well as analogous effects of endocannabinoids are largely mediated through the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R). This receptor is located within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, which respectively house the somata of nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons. The CB1R is also abundantly expressed in brain regions targeted by the efferent terminals of these dopaminergic neurons. In this review we present the accumulating anatomical and electrophysiological evidence indicating that in each of these systems cannabinoids modulate dopamine transmission largely if not exclusively through indirect mechanisms. The summarized mechanisms include presynaptic release of amino acid transmitters onto midbrain dopamine neurons and onto both cortical and striatal neurons that express dopamine D1-like or D2-like receptors functionally affiliated with the CB1 receptor. The review concludes with a consideration of the psychiatric and neurological implications of cannabinoid modulation of dopamine transmission within these networks. 相似文献
953.
Gunasingh Masilamoni John Votaw Leonard Howell Rosa M. Villalba Mark Goodman Ronald J. Voll Jeffrey Stehouwer Thomas Wichmann Yoland Smith 《Experimental neurology》2010,226(2):265-273
The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-nortropane (18F-FECNT) is a highly specific ligand for dopamine transporter (DAT) that yields higher peak striatum-to-cerebellum ratios and offers more favorable kinetics than most 18F-radiolabeled DAT ligands currently available. The goal of this study is to validate the use of 18F-FECNT as a PET radiotracer to assess the degree of striatal dopamine terminals denervation and midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. Three rhesus monkeys received weekly injections of MPTP (0.2–0.5 mg/kg) for 21 weeks, which resulted in the progressive development of a moderate level of parkinsonism. We carried out 18F-FECNT PET at baseline (twice; 10 weeks apart) and at week 21 post-MPTP injections. Postmortem stereological cell counts of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, and intensity measurements of DAT and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the striatum were performed and correlated with striatal and ventral midbrain PET data. Three additional monkeys were used as controls for midbrain dopaminergic cell counts, and striatal DAT or TH immunoreactivity measurements. The correlation and coefficient of variance between 18F-FECNT test–retest specific uptake ratios were 0.99 (R2) and 2.65%, respectively. The 18F-FECNT binding potential of the ventral midbrain and striatal regions was tightly correlated with postmortem stereological cell counts of nigral dopaminergic neurons (R2 = 0.91), and striatal DAT (R2 = 0.83) or TH (R2 = 0.88) immunoreactivity intensity measurements. These findings demonstrate that 18F-FECNT is a highly sensitive PET imaging ligand to quantify both striatal dopamine denervation and midbrain dopaminergic cell loss associated with parkinsonism. 相似文献
954.
The endocannabinoid system is a neuroactive lipid signaling system that functions to gate synaptic transmitter release. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that this system is responsive to modulation by both stress and glucocorticoids within the hypothalamus and limbic structures; however, the nature of this regulation is more complex than initially assumed. The aim of the current review is to summarize the research to date which examines the effects of acute stress and glucocorticoid administration on endocannabinoid signaling in limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (LHPA) axis, and in turn the role endocannabinoid signaling plays in the neurobehavioural responses to acute stress and glucocorticoid administration. The majority of research suggests that acute stress produces a mobilization of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) while concurrently reducing the tissue content of the other endocannabinoid ligand anandamide. Genetic and pharmacological studies demonstrate that the reduction in anandamide signaling may be involved in the initiation of HPA axis activation and the generation of changes in emotional behaviour, while the increase in 2-AG signaling may be involved in terminating the stress response, limiting neuronal activation and contributing to changes in motivated behaviours. Collectively, these studies reveal a complex interplay between endocannabinoids and the HPA axis, and further identify endocannabinoid signaling as a critical regulator of the stress response. 相似文献
955.
According to the traditional hypothesis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted inside the brain ventricles and flows unidirectionally along subarachnoid spaces to be absorbed into venous sinuses across arachnoid villi and/or via paraneural sheaths of nerves into lymphatics. However, according to recent investigations, it appears that interstial fluid (ISF) and CSF are formed by water filtration across the walls of arterial capillaries in the central nervous system (CNS), while plasma osmolytes are sieved (retained) so that capillary osmotic counterpressure is generated, which is instrumental in ISF/CSF water absorption into venous capillaries and postcapillary venules. This hypothesis is supported by experiments showing that water, which constitutes 99% of CSF and ISF bulk, does not flow along CSF spaces since it is rapidly absorbed into adjacent CNS microvessels, while distribution of other substances along CSF spaces depends on the rate of their removal into microvessels: faster removal means more limited distribution. Furthermore, the acute occlusion of aqueduct of Sylvius does not change CSF pressure in isolated ventricles, suggesting that the formation and the absorption of CSF are in balance. Multidirectional distribution of substances inside CSF, as well as between CSF and ISF, is caused by to-and-fro pulsations of these fluids and their mixing. Absorption of CSF into venous sinuses and/or lymphatics under the physiological pressure should be of minor importance due to their minute surface area in comparison to the huge absorptive surface area of microvessels. 相似文献
956.
Hallak JE Dursun SM Bosi DC de Macedo LR Machado-de-Sousa JP Abrão J Crippa JA McGuire P Krystal JH Baker GB Zuardi AW 《Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry》2011,35(1):198-202
Background
Interactions between glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems may contribute to schizophrenia, dissociative states, and other psychiatric conditions. Cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid-1/2 (CB1/2) receptor weak partial agonist or antagonist, may play a role in the treatment of schizophrenia.Objective
This study tested the hypothesis that CBD would attenuate the behavioral effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, in healthy human subjects.Methods
Ten male healthy volunteers were evaluated twice in a randomized order. In both sessions they received ketamine (bolus of 0.26 mg/kg/1 min followed by IV infusion of 0.25 mg/kg over 30 min) preceded by either CBD (600 mg) or placebo. Psychopathology was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the CADSS (Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale) at regular intervals from 30 min before to 90 min after ketamine administration.Results
CBD significantly augmented the activating effects of ketamine, as measured by the activation subscales of the BPRS. However, CBD also showed a non-significant trend to reduce ketamine-induced depersonalization, as measured by the CADSS.Conclusion
These data describe a complex pattern of psychopharmacologic interactions between CBD and ketamine at the doses of each agent studied in this experiment. 相似文献957.
Marc D Normandin Ming-Qiang Zheng Kuo-Shyan Lin N Scott Mason Shu-Fei Lin Jim Ropchan David Labaree Shannan Henry Wendol A Williams Richard E Carson Alexander Neumeister Yiyun Huang 《Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism》2015,35(8):1313-1322
The Radiotracer [11C]OMAR was developed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1R). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate kinetic analysis methods, determine test–retest reliability, and assess gender differences in receptor availability. Dynamic PET data were acquired in 10 human subjects, and analyzed with one-tissue (1T) and two-tissue (2T) compartment models and by the Logan and multilinear analysis (MA1) methods to estimate regional volume of distribution (VT). The 2T model inclusive of a vascular component (2TV) and MA1 were the preferred techniques. Test–retest reliability of VT was good (mean absolute deviation ~9% intraclass correlation coefficient ~0.7). Tracer parent fraction in plasma was lower in women (P<0.0001). Cerebral uptake normalized by body weight and injected dose was higher in men by 17% (P<0.0001), but VT was significantly greater in women by 23% (P<0.0001). These findings show that [11C]OMAR binding can be reliably quantified by the 2T model or MA1 method and demonstrate the utility of this tracer for in vivo imaging of CB1R. In addition, results from the present study indicate that gender difference in receptor binding should be taken into consideration when [11C]OMAR is used to quantify CB1R availability in neuropsychiatric disorders. 相似文献
958.
Douglas T. Leffa Samira G. Ferreira Nuno J. Machado Carolina M. Souza Fernanda da Rosa Cristiane de Carvalho Grasielle C. Kincheski Reinaldo N. Takahashi Lisiane O. Porciúncula Diogo O. Souza Rodrigo A. Cunha Pablo Pandolfo 《The European journal of neuroscience》2019,49(12):1673-1683
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by impaired levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Adenosine and endocannabinoid systems tightly interact in the modulation of dopamine signaling, involved in the neurobiology of ADHD. In this study, we evaluated the modulating effects of the cannabinoid and adenosine systems in a tolerance to delay of reward task using the most widely used animal model of ADHD. Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and Wistar–Kyoto rats were treated chronically or acutely with caffeine, a non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist, or acutely with a cannabinoid agonist (WIN55212‐2, WIN) or antagonist (AM251). Subsequently, animals were tested in the tolerance to delay of reward task, in which they had to choose between a small, but immediate, or a large, but delayed, reward. Treatment with WIN decreased, whereas treatment with AM251 increased the choices of the large reward, selectively in SHR rats, indicating a CB1 receptor‐mediated increase in impulsive behavior. An acute pre‐treatment with caffeine blocked WIN effects. Conversely, a chronic treatment with caffeine increased the impulsive phenotype and potentiated the WIN effects. The results indicate that both cannabinoid and adenosine receptors modulate impulsive behavior in SHR: the antagonism of cannabinoid receptors might be effective in reducing impulsive symptoms present in ADHD; in addition, caffeine showed the opposite effects on impulsive behavior depending on the length of treatment. These observations are of particular importance to consider when therapeutic manipulation of CB1 receptors is applied to ADHD patients who consume coffee. 相似文献
959.
Vinod KY Yalamanchili R Thanos PK Vadasz C Cooper TB Volkow ND Hungund BL 《Synapse (New York, N.Y.)》2008,62(8):574-581
Recent studies have indicated a role for the endocannabinoid system in ethanol-related behaviors. This study examined the effect of pharmacological activation, blockade, and genetic deletion of the CB(1) receptors on ethanol-drinking behavior in ethanol preferring C57BL/6J (B6) and ethanol nonpreferring DBA/2J (D2) mice. The deletion of CB(1) receptor significantly reduced the ethanol preference. Although the stimulation of the CB(1) receptor by CP-55,940 markedly increased the ethanol preference, this effect was found to be greater in B6 than in D2 mice. The antagonism of CB(1) receptor function by SR141716A led to a significant reduction in voluntary ethanol preference in B6 than D2 mice. A significant lower hypothermic and greater sedative response to acute ethanol administration was observed in both the strains of CB(1) -/- mice than wild-type mice. Interestingly, genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of the CB(1) receptor produced a marked reduction in severity of handling-induced convulsion in both the strains. The radioligand binding studies revealed significantly higher levels of CB(1) receptor-stimulated G-protein activation in the striatum of B6 compared to D2 mice. Innate differences in the CB(1) receptor function might be one of the contributing factors for higher ethanol drinking behavior. The antagonists of the CB(1) receptor may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of ethanol dependence. 相似文献
960.
Akinesia and freezing caused by Na+ leak‐current channel (NALCN) deficiency corrected by pharmacological inhibition of K+ channels and gap junctions 下载免费PDF全文
The Na+ leak‐current channel (NALCN) regulates locomotion, respiration, and intellectual development. Previous work highlighted striking similarities between characteristic movement phenotypes of NALCN‐deficient animals (Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans) and the major symptoms of Parkinson's disease and primary progressive freezing gait. We have discovered novel physiological connections between the NALCN, K+ channels, and gap junctions that mediate regulation of locomotion in C. elegans. Drugs that block K+ channels and gap junctions or that activate Ca++ channels significantly improve movement of NALCN‐deficient animals. Loss‐of‐function of the NALCN creates an imbalance in ions, including K+ and Ca++, that interferes with normal cycles of depolarization–repolarization. This work suggests new therapeutic strategies for certain human movement disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1109–1121, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献