金银花提取工艺正交实验研究

目的：研究提取金银花有效成分的最佳工艺。方法：以正交设计筛选最佳提取工艺。结果：金银花的最佳提取工艺为Ａ２、Ｂ２、Ｃ３、Ｄ２。结论：加入药材１０倍量的８５％乙醇回流提取二次。每次２５ｈ是金银花的最佳提取条件。     

Alterations in hippocampal and hypothalamic monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems after alcohol exposure during all three trimester equivalents in adult rats

Summary. Animal models of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) often rely on exposing the developing organism to alcohol during either the prenatal or postnatal period only. Very few studies have examined brain changes resulting from alcohol exposure during both the prenatal and postnatal period, a period which is equivalent to all three trimesters in humans. In this study, we examined the effects of alcohol exposure during this prolonged period of neural development on hippocampal and hypothalamic neurotransmitters in the rat. Pregnant dams were intubated with alcohol from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD 22 and then their pups were intubated with alcohol from postnatal day (PD) 2 to PD 10. Alcohol-exposed rats of both sexes exhibited increased hippocampal noradrenaline (NE) concentration compared to intubated and nontreated control animals. Within the hypothalamus, alcohol-exposed females but not males exhibited increased NE concentration. Hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) concentration was reduced in both alcohol-exposed and intubated-control rats compared to nontreated controls. The results suggest that both the hippocampal and hypothalamic NE systems are especially vulnerable to alcohol insult that occurs during a period of neural development that corresponds to the full human prenatal period. Received April 7, 1998; accepted February 2, 1999     

长期饮酒对男性生殖系统功能影响

目的探讨饮酒对男性生殖系统的损害及其机理。方法选择45名男性饮酒者和9名慢性酒精中毒者为研究对象,以15名不吸烟不接触毒物的男性为对照组。结果长期大量饮酒和酒精中毒者血清中T和CS水平下降,而LH和FSH水平升高;精浆和精子中LDH,LDH-x和G-6PD活力下降,以LDH-x下降为敏感;精子数量和活动精子年均降低,精子畸形率及异常精液检出率均升高。上述各指标与对照组比较差异均有高度显著性（P＜0.01）。结论长期饮酒可损害男性生殖系统功能。     

N-nitro- -arginine methylester is protective against ethanol-induced gastric damage in cholestatic rats

In this study the effect of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibition on ethanol-induced gastric damage was evaluated in bile duct-ligated, sham-operated and unoperated rats. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with saline, -arginine (200 mg/kg) or N^G-nitro- -arginine methylester ( -NAME) in doses of 5, 15 and 30 mg/kg, 30 min before ethanol administration. The animals were killed 1 h after ethanol administration and their stomachs were removed for measurement of gastric mucosal damage. The results showed that -NAME significantly enhanced the development of gastric mucosal lesions in sham-operated and unoperated rats, while in bile duct-ligated animals, -NAME decreased and -arginine enhanced the potentiation of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. The plasma level of nitrite and nitrate was also measured and was significantly higher in bile duct-ligated rats than in control groups. The results suggest that inhibition of NO synthase with -NAME has different effects on ethanol-induced gastric damage in cholestatic groups and in normal rats and that these effects can be explained by overproduction of NO in bile duct-ligated animals.     

Effects of opiate antagonist treatment on the alcohol deprivation effect in long-term ethanol-experienced rats

Rationale: Opiate antagonists are promising pharmacotherapeutic agents for the treatment of alcohol dependence, reducing craving and relapse rates in weaned alcoholics. However, preclinical findings indicate that they can also increase ethanol consumption and preference in animals with a strong liking for ethanol, depending on the dose and treatment regimen. Objective: The present study examined the effects of chronic, intermittent and acute opiate antagonist treatment on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) in long-term ethanol- experienced rats, which is an animal model of craving and relapse. Methods: Long-term ethanol-experienced rats were either implanted with mini-osmotic pumps delivering 0, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg per hour naloxone (chronic treatment) or received intermittent naltrexone injections (2×5 mg/kg per day SC). Effects of chronic and intermittent treatment on the ADE were studied in a four-bottle home cage drinking paradigm. In a second experiment, long-term ethanol-experienced rats trained in an operant ethanol self-administration paradigm received acute naltrexone treatment (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg SC) before a 23-h session either during basal drinking or during the ADE. Results: Chronic naloxone treatment increased ethanol preference during the ADE. Intermittent naltrexone treatment at a dose comparable to the lower dose of chronic treatment moderately attenuated the ADE. Acute naltrexone treatment selectively reduced lever pressing for ethanol both during the ADE and during basal drinking only at the lowest dose, whereas higher doses also suppressed water intake. The ethanol-specific suppressant effect on the ADE was long lasting. Concerning basal drinking, however, naltrexone had a long lasting reductive effect only on lever pressing for water. Conclusions: A low dose of naltrexone and an intermittent treatment regimen seem to be necessary to maintain a specific reduction in ethanol intake in individuals with a high motivation to consume ethanol. These findings are consistent with the notion that, at low doses, opiate antagonists reduce the reward value of reinforcers. Received: 29 September 1998 / Final version: 15 March 1999     

Using socio-economic differences in knowledge and attitudes to shape community alcohol programmes: experiences from the Kirseberg Project

Community-based public health projects have become increasinglyimportant as a tool for health promotion. This approach hasbeen considered appropriate also in addressing socio-economicdifferences in health, although little is known about socio-economicdifferences in perception of health as a community issue. Ouraim was to study socio-economic differences in awareness andknowledge about the Kirseberg Project and in attitudes towardsthe concept of health as a local community issue. The KirsebergProject was initiated in 1988. The primary prevention aims areto reduce alcohol consumption in the population in order todecrease the incidence of alcohol-related problems. Kirsebergis an area with 10000 inhabitants in the north-eastern partof the city of Malmö (population 230000), Sweden. A sampleof 400 people in the area between the ages of 20 and 75 yearsof age was randomised from the population register and interviewedby telephone. Of the sample, 73.3% responded. Of the respondents,65.2% were aware of the project and 38.6% had knowledge aboutit. Socio-economic differences were found both regarding knowledgeand attitudes. Individuals in the high socio-economic status(SES)-group were better informed about the project than thelow SES-group, more often associated the project with the promotionof the community spirit, tended to give more positive answersto the questions about important local health issues, demonstratedhigher adherence to the social environment issues and were moreinterested in local health promotion activities. Our conclusionis that the socio-economic knowledge differences which werefound in the Kirseberg Project should be seen as shortcomingsin the health educational campaign rather than as a first stepin a determined social process. The issue of how the explicitnotions and the hidden agenda of a health promotion campaigncorrespond with central attitudes and values in different populationgroups in the target community must be carefully investigated.     

Programmes for tobacco and alcohol users in Australian work-places

This article presents findings from a survey of programmes available for tobacco and alcohol users working in 455 of Australia's top 600 companies. Companies were twice as likely to have programmes for smokers (43%) as for problem drinkers (24%) and these programmes were more apparent in large companies. The majority of programmes for smoking were delivered within a health promotion context which included other life-style issues, such as nutrition, exercise, weight management and stress management. Although Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) were the most commonly available type of work-place programme for excessive drinkers and other drug users, followed by Alcoholics Anonymous and local hospital clinics, only 6% had an EAP for alcohol. Only 21% of programmes for smokers and 12% for excessive alcohol users were evaluated. Around one-quarter of companies knew the costs of smoking programmes, and 9% reported costs of conducting programmes for excessive alcohol consumers.     

Restrictions on tobacco and alcohol use in Australian work-places

In a telephone survey of 455 of the top 600 companies in Australia, around three-quarters reported the existence of restrictions on both smoking and alcohol in the workplace. Forty-six percent of companies had a total ban on smoking at work, 31% had designated limited areas where employees were permitted to smoke, and 23% had no policy on smoking. Seventy-seven percent of companies encouraged a total alcohol-free work environment. The larger the company, the more likely it was to have restrictions on smoking in the work-place, but there was no relationship between the size of the company and alcohol restrictions. Government organizations were more likely to have restrictions on smoking than nongovernment organizations, but this difference was not apparent for alcohol restrictions. The major reasons given for smoking restrictions were related to health and comfort, while those for alcohol were related to work productivity and safety.     

The case for liver transplantation in end-stage alcoholic liver disease

Liver transplantation is now a routine procedure and is seen as a valid treatment option for end-stage liver disease. Alcoholism has been regarded as a relative or absolute contraindication to liver transplantation in many transplant units. Recent data document a success rate for transplantation in alcoholic patients that equals that in other patient groups. Issues relating to the ethical and scientific arguments surrounding this complex area of treatment are discussed. It is concluded that individual patients should be assessed in their own right for this treatment option. It is argued that patient groups should not be denied access to specific life-saving treatments.