Biogenesis of vaccinia Effects of inhibitors of glycosylation on virus-mediated activities

During infection of HeLa cells by vaccinia, addition of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (dg) of glucosamine (gln) inhibits the glycosylation of virus-specified proteins. Absence of [³H]fucose incorporation into the major glycoprotein, normally present only in the plasma membrane after infection with the hemagglutinating, nonfusing variant-IHD-J, could be correlated with drastic inhibition of glycosylation and hemagglutinin (HA) activity. This supports our previous identification of the IHD-J-specified glycoprotein as a component of vaccinia HA. Since with both the IHD-J and -W variant conditions could be created in which the rate of mature virion production was reduced only slightly but which in infectious units was affected profoundly by the sugar analogues, it is possible that blockage in the synthesis of the single glycopeptide known to exist in vaccinia particles is the basis for the loss of infectivity. Lack of influence of dg or gln or cell-cell fusion associated with IHD-W infection implies that a carbohydrate moiety is either absent or not required for the expression of the fusing principle, in contrast with the reported glycoprotein nature of fusing factors indentified on enveloped, budding agents. The limited cell-cell fusion which was detected after dg or gln treatment among the normally nonfusing, IHD-J infected cells when glycosylation and HA were both suppressed appears to be in accord with the above notion. A discussion concerning the interrelationship between glycosylation and inhibition of fusion has been included.     

Clinical value of bacteriological examinations of nasal and paranasal mucosa in patients with chronic sinusitis

Although many investigations on the bacteriology of chronic sinusitis have been reported, there is still much discussion about the physiological flora of the nose and paranasal sinuses, the role of the various aerobic and anaerobic “pathogenic” bacteria, and the influence of the anatomical location from which samples for bacteriology are taken. We conducted a qualitative and semi-quantitative bacteriological examination of patients with chronic sinusitis undergoing a transnasal sinus operation (patient group), and of patients without chronic sinusitis undergoing a septoplasty (control group). In both groups brush smears of the inferior nasal turbinate and biopsies of the middle nasal turbinate were taken, with additional biopsies of the maxillary sinus and ethmoidal bulla in the chronic sinusitis group . In both groups coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified in almost all samples. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 22% (middle turbinate) to 33% (inferior turbinate) of the samples from the control group and in 33% (maxillary sinus, middle turbinate) to 50% (inferior turbinate) of the samples from the patient group. Other (pathogenic) aerobic bacteria were found much more rarely and only slight distinctions between control and patient group were observed. The concentrations of the different bacterial species (colony-forming units) were comparable in both groups. Strictly anaerobic bacteria and fungi were not identified. Only small discrepancies between the various methods and/or locations of sampling were found. Based on our bacteriological findings a differentiation between patients with and without chronic sinusitis was not possible. These results shed doubt on the clinical value of bacteriological examinations of nasal and paranasal mucosa in patients with chronic sinusitis. Received: 19 September 2000 / Accepted: 10 April 2001     

低温环境放火器复合伤细菌感染的实验研究

目的：探讨低温放火器复合伤感染的发生特点。方法：将健康兔随机分为低温放火器复合伤（HFR）组和低温火器伤（HF）组，于致伤后0、4、8、16、24h进行体温、伤道和血液细菌学的检测。结果：HFR组伤后体温持续明显升高，伤道细菌数明显上升，在对应时间点较HF组升高显著（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），2组分别于8和24h出现肠道菌群且细菌入血，细菌数达感染临界值。结论：低温放火器复合伤后细菌生长繁殖快，感染时限缩短且严重，应早期彻底清创，合理使用广谱抗生素。     

Human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Wisconsin: Clinical,laboratory and epidemiologic features

Yersinia enterocolitica has been sought in stool and blood culture specimens by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (SLH) since 1973. Clinical information on symptoms, duration of illness, and use of antibiotics for 41 persons with Y. enterocolitica infections from January 1, 1979, to September 30, 1980, was obtained by telephone interviews. Diarrhea and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms of the ill persons; extraintestinal symptoms were infrequently reported. Ten infected persons (24 percent) had no illness. Review of a 10 percent sample of all stool specimens cultured at the SLH from June 20, 1977, to June 20, 1979, revealed that Salmonella was the most commonly isolated enteric pathogen (15.4 percent) followed by Shigella (2.0 percent) and Y. enterocolitica (0.7 percent). Several different biotypes and serotypes of Y. enterocolitica were associated with illness. Y. enterocolitica isolates were uniformly susceptible to a wide variety of antibiotics, and most isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Epidemiologic studies showed that persons with Y. enterocolitica infections were more likely to live in rural counties than were all persons sending stool samples or those having Salmonella infections; underlying illness was identified as a risk factor for infection.     

鹤壁市餐饮服务单位自制凉菜细菌污染状况调查

目的了解鹤壁市餐饮服务单位自制凉菜的细菌污染情况,及时发现餐饮服务环节食品安全隐患,有效防范餐饮服务食品安全风险,进一步提高食品安全管理水平,确保公众饮食安全。方法 2012年10月15日至2012年11月15日,采集鹤壁市5个县、区42家餐饮单位的101份自制凉菜样品,进行大肠菌群、沙门氏菌及志贺氏菌的检测。结果检测5个县、区自制凉菜101份均未检测出致病菌,大肠菌群超标40份,超标率39.6%,各县区超标情况做SPSS检测,差异无统计学意义(x2=6.493,P>0.05),结论鹤壁市自制凉菜细菌学指标总体合格率仅为60.4%,提醒此类食品受细菌污染较严重。     

Modification of an evidence-based protocol for advanced appendicitis in children

Introduction

We previously developed an evidence-based clinical pathway for children with advanced appendicitis. The pathway standardized the choice and duration of antibiotic therapy and established discharge criteria. Initially, the pathway led to a 50% decrease in the rate of superficial and deep surgical site infections and a significant decrease in hospital length of stay. Four years after implementation, we noted an increase in the infectious complication rate and the emergence of resistant bacteria to commonly used antibiotics. In this study, we prospectively collected peritoneal fluid cultures at the time of appendectomy in an effort to optimize our antibiotic therapy and decrease complication rates.

Methods

Microbiology analysis of peritoneal fluid cultures obtained at the time of appendectomy was performed in patients with an intraoperative diagnosis of advanced appendicitis. Clinical information, including demographics, laboratory data, and postoperative outcomes were collected and compared to the historic cohort. X², Student’s t-test, and Fisher exact test were used where appropriate.

Results

The historic and prospective cohorts were similar with respect to clinical and demographic data. The postoperative intra-abdominal abscess rate remained unchanged (28% from 24%, P = 0.603). Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most commonly isolated aerobic bacteria from peritoneal fluid in the prospective cohort. Thirty-two percent of these patients had Pseudomonas spp., and 12% had Enterococcus spp. or Escherichia coli resistant to cefoxitin in their peritoneal fluid cultures.

Discussion

A significant proportion (40%) of children with advanced appendicitis had organisms either not susceptible or resistant to our first line antibiotic in their peritoneal fluid cultures. Our clinical pathway now recommends piperacillin-tazobactam as the most effective empiric therapy for advanced appendicitis in children. Microbiologic analysis of peritoneal fluid at appendectomy may be used to tailor antibiotic therapy in advanced appendicitis.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者下呼吸道感染中的细菌分布特点及耐药情况.方法 对我院2011年6月～2012年12月住院的152例AECOPD患者进行痰细菌培养、细菌药物敏感试验,根据肺功能第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV1％pred）,将患者分为3组：Ⅰ组：（50％≤FEV1＜ 80％ pred）、Ⅱ组：（30％≤FEV1＜50％pred）、Ⅲ组：FEV1＜30％ pred;同时根据痰培养结果将感染细菌分为A（G＋菌）、B（除C以外的G-菌）、C（不动杆菌、肠杆菌及假单胞菌）、D（痰菌阴性）4类,比较3组患者痰细菌学分布特点及耐药情况.结果 152患者中70例患者痰培养阳性,阳性率46.1％,共分离出细菌84株,其中革兰氏阳性菌肺炎链球菌22株（26.2％）,金黄色葡萄6株（7.1％）,表皮葡萄球菌4株（4.8％）;革兰阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌10株（11.9％）,大肠埃希菌6株（7..1％）,肺炎克雷伯杆菌6株（7.1％）,部分致病菌呈多重耐药.Ⅰ组患者以痰菌阴性为主,Ⅲ组患者以耐药的A类菌及C类菌为主,各组患者细菌学分布差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 AECOPD患者感染细菌种类以G-杆菌为主,耐药率高,感染细菌种类与COPD严重程度有密切关系,肺功能越差,耐药的G＋球菌、肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌分离率越高.