二氧化氯消毒剂的剂型对杀菌效果的影响

目的:比较不同剂型二氧化氯消毒剂对微生物的杀灭效果。方法:采用悬液定量杀菌试验进行实验室观察。结果:固体消毒剂(A)500 mg/L浓度作用1 min,250 mg/L浓度作用5 min对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、枯草杆菌黑色变种的杀灭对数值均≥5;液体消毒剂(B)500 mg/L浓度作用5 min对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值均≥5。结论:两种剂型的二氧化氯杀灭微生物效果随浓度增加、作用时间延长而增强,其中固体消毒剂(A)杀灭效果优于液体消毒剂(B)。     

Subcutaneous nodules following immunization in children; in Victoria,Australia from 2007 to 2016

BackgroundSubcutaneous nodules are a rare adverse event following immunization (AEFI). We aimed to describe nodules at the injection site reported to SAEFVIC (Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Vaccination in the Community) using the Brighton Collaboration Case Definition (BCCD), management and recurrence following subsequent immunizations.MethodWe assessed 58 cases (<18 years of age) of ‘nodule at injection site’ reported to SAEFVIC, Melbourne, Australia, between May 2007 and June 2016. Case details were analyzed from records and phone interview follow-up. The Australian Immunization Registry was reviewed for immunization status.Results71% (41/58 reported cases) were consistent with the BCCD for subcutaneous nodule, 14% (8 cases) were ‘possible subcutaneous nodules’, 10% (6 cases) were nodules associated with BCG immunization and 5% (3 cases) were attributable to an alternative diagnosis. The median age at immunization was 12 months, (range 1 month–12 years); 54% male (22/41 cases). 17% (7 cases) had multiple nodules. Nodules were associated with immunizations containing aluminum (74%, 36/49 nodules), no aluminum (8%, 4 nodules) and unknown (18%, 9 nodules). Most cases developed symptoms within 3 days post-immunization (59%, 24 cases) and in the thigh (59%, 29 nodules). Pruritus was associated in 41% (17 cases). Around 1/3 (34%) of nodules resolved 6 months post immunization, 2/3 (68%) by 12 months, however 1/4 (24%) remained persistent for >24 months. 5 cases had prior nodules and 1 case had recurrence with subsequent immunization. 83% (34 cases) were fully immunized for age at follow-up.ConclusionSubcutaneous nodules at the injection site may occur following a wide range of vaccines, including vaccines without aluminum. All cases require careful review and where possible, specialist management and to support subsequent immunizations.     

Observational studies of non-specific effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccines in low-income countries: Assessing the potential impact of study characteristics,bias and confounding through meta-regression

Introduction

It has been suggested that some vaccines have effects beyond protection against the diseases they target, called non-specific effects (NSEs). In 2016, a systematic review by Higgins et al., commissioned by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization, estimated the relative risk (RR) of all-cause mortality after whole-cell Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTwP) vaccination to be 1.38 (95% CI: 0.92–2.08), and described these potential NSEs as inconsistent. However, the selection of studies for meta-analysis, based on their proneness to bias and confounding, was debated.

一种无磷洗衣粉的消毒效果研究

[目的]研究一种新型环保无磷洗衣粉对不同种类细菌的杀灭效果以及对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏作用。[方法]采用载体定量杀灭实验的方法评价浓度为1.0%（w/v）、5.5%（w/v）和10.0%（w/v）的某品牌无磷洗衣粉溶液对大肠埃希氏菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、枯草杆菌黑色变种（Bacillus subtilis var.neger）芽胞的杀灭效果及其对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏效果。[结果]1.0%的无磷洗衣粉溶液作用10min,对大肠埃希氏菌的杀灭率为（99.90±0.01）%,达到消毒效果要求。10.0%的无磷洗衣粉溶液作用20min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率为（99.92±0.01）%,达到消毒效果;作用40min,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率仅为（8.06±0.05）%;作用60min,不能破坏乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）。[结论]所检测环保无磷洗衣粉的杀菌效果随溶液中洗衣粉浓度的增高以及与微生物作用时间的延长而增强;对大肠杆菌的的杀灭作用明显强于对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭作用,而对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果及对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏作用较差。     

国境口岸模拟生物恐怖事件现场消毒效果评价

〔目的〕通过口岸现场观察枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢菌片消毒、空气消毒、手部消毒、物体表面消毒效果,验证拟定的方案在口岸模拟生物恐怖现场消毒的可行性,为应对生物恐怖袭击快速消毒提供理论依据和实际应用指导。〔方法〕出入境通道上芽孢菌片用含有效氯3000mg/L三氯异氰脲酸喷洒消毒;空气用15%过氧乙酸溶液20ml(3 g/m3)熏蒸消毒;手部用无菌棉球沾0.5%碘伏擦拭消毒;物体表面用1000 mg/L的二氧化氯溶液擦拭消毒。〔结果〕含有效氯3000mg/L三氯异氰脲酸处理出入境通道上芽孢菌片的杀灭率在99.99%以上;手部皮肤、空气、其他物品表面消毒,细菌的杀灭率在90.00%以上,符合《消毒技术规范》现场消毒规定的效果评价指标。〔结论〕该消毒方案在国境口岸模拟生物恐怖事件现场操作过程中具有可行性。     

卡介菌多糖核酸联合咪唑斯汀治疗慢性特发性荨麻疹疗效及安全性研究

目的探讨卡介菌多糖核酸联合咪唑斯汀治疗慢性特发性荨麻疹的治疗效果及安全性。方法纳入我院2013年1月—2014年11月确诊为慢性特发性荨麻疹的患者150例,随机平均分为2组,其中观察组75例,予隔天臀部肌内注射卡介菌多糖酸2 m L并联合每天口服咪唑斯汀10 mg;对照组75例,予每天咪唑斯汀10 mg口服,2组均连续治疗4周。分别于治疗前、治疗后2周、4周及3个月共4个时间点观察2组患者的症状积分的变化情况及有效率,并对2组的不良反应等安全性情况进行分析。结果治疗后2周、4周和3个月2组患者的症状积分和有效率与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后2周观察者与对照组症状积分和有效率2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而治疗后4周和3个月2组的症状积分和有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组均未发现严重的不良反应,其中观察组有10例患者、对照组有8例患者出现了轻度的嗜睡现象,观察组、对照组各有2例出现了头痛现象,均未做任何特殊处理,停药后症状消失。所有患者的肝肾功能等实验室检查均无异常表现。结论卡介菌多糖核酸联合咪唑斯汀治疗慢性特发性荨麻疹疗效确切且安全性高。     

Successive introduction of four new vaccines in Rwanda: High coverage and rapid scale up of Rwanda's expanded immunization program from 2009 to 2013

As the pace of vaccine uptake accelerates globally, there is a need to document low-income country experiences with vaccine introductions. Over the course of five years, the government of Rwanda rolled out vaccines against pneumococcus, human papillomavirus, rotavirus, and measles & rubella, achieving over 90% coverage for each. To carry out these rollouts, Rwanda's Ministry of Health engaged in careful review of disease burden information and extensive, cross-sectoral planning at least one year before introducing each vaccine. Rwanda's local leaders, development partners, civil society organizations and widespread community health worker network were mobilized to support communication efforts. Community health workers were also used to confirm target population size. Support from Gavi, UNICEF and WHO was used in combination with government funds to promote country ownership and collaboration. Vaccination was also combined with additional community-based health interventions. Other countries considering rapid consecutive or simultaneous rollouts of new vaccines may consider lessons from Rwanda's experience while tailoring the strategies used to local context.     

Potent Antifungal Activity of Garlic (Allium Sativum) Against Experimental Murine Dissemenated Cryptococcosis

The adequate management of cryptococcosis is difficult with the available armamentarium of synthetic antifungals. We made an effort to evaluate fresh extracts of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) to assess potential therapeutic use of this herb as an anticryptococcal agent. The in vitro antifungal activity in broth showed greatest activity in the aqueous extract (MIC 125–250 µg/ml; MFC 250 to = 500 µg/ml) compared to the alcoholic, crude or commercial extracts. Treatment of Balb/c mice with garlic extracts in mice (orally) showed that alcoholic extracts (5 mg/kg, q.i.d.) provided 100% protection of mice against disseminated cryptococcosis. A concomitant increase in MST (&gt; 35 days) was observed, along with a significant reduction in cfu (log 10 ) burden of cryptococci in visceral (liver, spleen, kidney, lung and heart) tissues, especially brain (&gt; 4.5 log 10 ). The efficacy of extracts was also evident in the sera of mice. Thus, alcoholic extracts of fresh garlic elicit potential anticryptococcal activity against murine disseminated cryptococcosis.     

康乐舒消毒剂杀灭微生物效果的实验观察

康乐舒消毒剂的主要成分为ＨＩＣｌ４。悬液试验表明,以其中５０ｍｇ／Ｌ有效碘的溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌作用１０ｍｉｎ,含１００ｍｇ／Ｌ有效碘的溶液对大肠杆菌和白色念球菌作用２０ｍｉｎ,含８００ｍｇ／Ｌ有效碘的溶液对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用６０ｍｉｎ,杀灭率均达９９．９０％以上;以其原液作用４０ｍｉｎ,能破坏ＨＢｓＡｇ的抗原性。皮肤消毒试验表明,以其原液涂擦于手指表面,作用３分钟对手指表面自然菌杀灭率达９６．６６％以上。５４℃放置１４天,该消毒剂有效碘下降率为４．３２％。     

一起蜡样芽胞杆菌食物中毒分离株的毒力基因分析研究

目的 对红河州发生的一起蜡样芽孢杆菌食物中毒分离株进行毒力基因分析研究。方法 本次食物中毒从一位病人肛拭子标本和三种剩余食物中分离出4株蜡样芽孢杆菌,利用PCR检测分离株的腹泻型毒力基因:hbl(ACD)、nhe（ABC）、cytK、entFM、bceT 和呕吐型毒力基因:NRPS 。结果 病人（肛拭子）和剩余食物（火腿烩乳饼）分离株均携带有hbl(ACD)、nhe（ABC）、cytK、entFM、bceT 基因;剩余食物（虾）分离株携带有nhe（ABC）、entFM 基因;剩余食品（冰木瓜凉水）分离株携带有hbl(CD)、nhe（ABC）、cytK、entFM、bceT 基因;所有分离株均不携带有呕吐型毒力基因NRPS 。结论 本次食物中毒根据毒力基因检测结果,可以确定为由蜡样芽孢杆菌引起的腹泻型食物中毒。