Effectiveness and Safety of Computer-controlled Periodontal Ligament Injection System in Endodontic Access to the Mandibular Posterior Teeth

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a computer-controlled periodontal ligament （PDL） injection system to the local soft tissues as the primary technique in endodontic access to mandibular posterior teeth in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Methods A total of 162 Chinese patients who had been diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis in their mandibular posterior teeth without acute infection or inflammation in the periodontal tissues were enrolled in this clinical study. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the position of the involved tooth： the premolar group （PM, z2=38）, first molar group （FM, n=66）, and second molar group （SM, n=58）. All the patients received computer-controlled PDL injection with 4% articaine and 1 ＇ 100 000 epinephrine. Immediately after the injection, endodontic access was performed, and the degree of pain during the treatment was evaluated by the patients using Visual Analogue Scale for pain. The success rates were compared among the 3 groups. The responses of local soft tissues were evaluated 3-8 days and 3 weeks after the procedure. Results The overall success rate was 76.5%. There was a significant difference in success rates among the PM, FM, and SM groups （92.1%, 53.0%, 93.1%, respectively; 2 X =34.3, P〈0.01）. Both the PM and SM groups showed higher success rates than that of the FM group （v=l, f=16.73, P〈0.01, v=l, Z = 4.5, X2 2 P〈0.01）. No irreversible adverse effects on the periodontal soft tissues at the injection sites were observed in the follow-up visits in any of the groups. Conclusion The computer-controlled PDL injection system demonstrates both satisfactory anesthetic effects and safety in local soft tissues as primary anesthetic technique in endodontic access to the mandibular posterior teeth in patients with irreversible pulpitis.     

Sex,drugs and prisons: HIV prevention strategies for over 190 000 clients in Ukraine

Setting: One hundred and forty non-governmental organisations implementing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention programmes among clients, including people who inject drugs, prisoners, female sex workers, men who have sex with men and street children in Ukraine, 2010–2011.Objective: Among enrolled clients, to assess factors associated with HIV testing, HIV retesting within a year of initial testing and HIV seroconversion.Design: Retrospective cohort study involving record reviews.Results: Of 192 487 clients, 42 109 (22%) underwent an initial HIV test (22% were positive). Among HIV-negative clients at baseline, 10 858 (27%) were retested within a year: 317 (3%) of these were HIV-positive. HIV testing and retesting rates were lower among prisoners (0.3%) and others (street children and partners of those in risk groups, 6%), and those who did not receive counselling or services such as condom and needle distribution. Individuals who were not counselled were more likely to seroconvert.Conclusions: In this large cohort of high-risk groups from Eastern Europe, HIV testing was low and HIV sero-conversion was high. This is of public health concern, bringing into question the overall quality of counselling and how well it is tailored to the specific needs of various risk groups. Qualitative studies to understand the reasons for non-testing are urgently required for designing client-specific interventions.     

儿童肘内翻支具的设计与应用

目的研制一种旋转中心为尼龙66材质且可透过X线的儿童肘内翻支具,用于儿童肱骨髁上骨折并发肘内翻的预防性治疗。方法根据肘内翻发生机制并结合儿童的发病机理,对支具的外倾角、骨折端加压固方法、上臂和前臂的相对范围等关键点进行创新设计,并用solidworks三维软件制作三维图、工程图。结果该支具与患者手臂结合紧密,透过其尼龙主板可清晰看到骨骼断端,且患者无不适感,有效地对抗了肘内翻的发生。结论该支具的疗效明显,值得临床推广。     

丹红注射液联合低分子肝素钙治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效观察

目的 观察丹红注射液联合低分子肝素钙治疗不稳定型心绞痛的效果.方法 选择我院不稳定型心绞痛患者103例,将其随机分为治疗组、对照组,治疗组丹红注射液联合低分子肝素钙治疗,对照组常规治疗,观察2组的疗效.结果 治疗组总有效率为90.7％,对照组为74.0％.2组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=4.90,P＜0.05).结论 丹红注射液联合低分子肝素钙对UAP有较好的治疗作用.