医院内感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况分析

目的：了解医院内感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法常规培养分离鉴定,应用VITEKI和phoenix100全自动细菌鉴定分析仪系统鉴定菌株;药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法,根据CLSI规定的标准进行。结果2013年共检出6681株病原菌,临床分离的细菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为分离菌株的前五位,分离率分别为17.2%、14.19%、13.31%、12.26%、9.52%,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分离率分别为56.94%、41.53%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率为59.18%。检出耐万古霉素、耐利奈唑胺的金黄色葡萄球菌各1株。结论大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球仍是临床院内感染的重要病原菌,且对多种抗生素都处于比较高水平的耐药率,有逐年升高的趋势。临床微生物实验室应加强医院内重要感染病原菌的耐药性检测,临床应根据药敏结果和患者自身的感染状况制定出合理的个性化治疗方案,并高度重视多药耐药菌感染者的有效隔离,以防控耐药菌的扩散和流行。     

A New High-throughput Real-time PCR Assay for the Screening of Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Broiler Fecal Samples from China

ObjectiveAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global concern and is especially severe in China. To effectively and reliably provide AMR data, we developed a new high-throughput real-time PCR assay based on microfluidic dynamic technology, and screened multiple AMR genes in broiler fecal samples.MethodsA high-throughput real-time PCR system with an new designed integrated fluidic circuit assay were performed AMR gene detection. A total of 273 broiler fecal samples collected from two geographically separated farms were screened AMR genes.ResultsThe new assay with limits of detection ranging from 40.9 to 8,000 copies/reaction. The sensitivity rate, specificity rate, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and correct indices were 99.30%, 98.08%, 95.31%, 99.79%, and 0.9755, respectively. Utilizing this assay, we demonstrate that AMR genes are widely spread, with positive detection rates ranging from 0 to 97.07% in 273 broiler fecal samples. bla_CTX-M, bla_TEM, mcr-1, fexA, cfr, optr A, and intl1 showed over 80% prevalence. The dissemination of AMR genes was distinct between the two farms.ConclusionsWe successfully established a new high-throughput real-time PCR assay applicable to AMR gene surveillance from fecal samples. The widespread existence of AMR genes detected in broiler farms highlights the current and severe problem of AMR.     

泌尿生殖道支原体感染及体外药敏试验分析

目的:分析本地区解脲脲原体(Uu)和人型支原体(Mh)的感染状况和耐药性,并对耐药机制进行讨论.指导临床合理用药.方法:对1 612例疑为非淋菌性尿道炎(NGU)患者的泌尿生殖道标本进行支原体检测,并对阳性标本进行抗生素敏感试验.结果:1612例标本中,支原体检出1160例,感染率为72%.其中Uu、Mh、Uu Mh感染率分别为71%、19.7%、9.3%,Uu感染明显高于Mh感染,男性Uu感染率(75.5%)高于女性(68%),女性Mh感染率(22.1%)高于男性(16.0%),总感染率女性(59.6%)高于男性(40.4%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Uu和Mh对强力霉素、交沙霉素、原始霉素较为敏感.耐药率都在5%以下.Uu和Mh对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药率较高.Mh对红霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素耐药率较高.而Uu对其敏感.结论:NGU患者中支原体是主要病原体之一,鉴于耐药菌株的不断变化,建议在进行支原体检测时进行药敏试验,加强对耐药性的监测,并对其耐药机制进行深入研究,对指导临床治疗具有重要意义.新一代四环素类药物可作为Uu和Mh感染的一线药物.     

米糠与米糠蛋白质的开发与利用

米糠是一种廉价、低利用率但营养丰富的稻米加工副产品 .米糠中的蛋白质是一种低过敏性、高生物效价的优质植物蛋白质 .从植物原料中提取蛋白质通常使用碱法提取 ,而酶法提取则能更好地保证米糠蛋白质的营养价值 .米糠蛋白质作为一种新型蛋白质资源 ,可直接用于改善食品的营养和质构 ,也可用于生物活性肽的生产 .     

鞘内注射吗啡对大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质、海马和脊髓μ阿片受体mRNA表达的影响

目的研究鞘内注射吗啡对大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）、海马和脊髓μ阿片受体（MOR）mRNA表达的影响,探讨大鼠鞘内注射吗啡免疫功能抑制的机制。方法清洁级成年雄性SD大鼠,鞘内置管成功的16只大鼠随机分为2组（n=8）：生理盐水组（NS组）和吗啡组（M组）。M组鞘内持续输注吗啡10μg/h 7 d（生理盐水稀释）,NS组给予等体积的生理盐水。输注7 d后断头处死大鼠,取出大鼠PAG、海马和脊髓标本,采用巢式RT-PCR测定MOR mRNA的表达。结果与NS组比较,M组PAG和海马MOR mRNA表达下调（P〈0.05或0.01）,脊髓MOR mRNA表达无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论大鼠PAG和海马MOR表达下调可能是鞘内注射吗啡导致免疫功能抑制的机制之一。     

男性非淋菌性尿道炎患者支原体对抗菌药物的敏感性

目的:了解支原体在男性非淋菌性尿道炎(NGU)的作用和体外对药物敏感性。方法:对864例疑为NGU的男性患者泌尿生殖道标本进行了支原体型别鉴定,用微量肉汤稀释法对支原体进行9种抗菌药物的敏感性测定。结果:272例(31.4%)支原体培养阳性,其中解脲支原体(Uu)176例,人型支原体(Mh)9例;Uu Mh混合感染87例。97.2%的支原体对9种抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药。Uu Mh混合感染的耐药率明显高于单纯Uu感染。结论:Uu Mh混合感染耐药性升高并发生耐药谱变化。对支原体的定期耐药性监测,对临床用药有重要指导意义。     

Genetic Diversity,Antimicrobial Resistance,and Virulence Genes of Aeromonas Isolates from Clinical Patients,Tap Water Systems,and Food

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas isolates from clinical patients, tap water systems, and food.Methods Ninety Aeromonas isolates were obtained from Ma'anshan, Anhui province, China, and subjected to multi-locus sequence typing(MLST) with six housekeeping genes. Their taxonomy was investigated using concatenated gyr B-cpn60 sequences, while their resistance to 12 antibiotics was evaluated. Ten putative virulence factors and several resistance genes were identified by PCR and sequencing.Results The 90 Aeromonas isolates were divided into 84 sequence types, 80 of which were novel,indicating high genetic diversity. The Aeromonas isolates were classified into eight different species. PCR assays identified virulence genes in the isolates, with the enterotoxin and hemolysin genes act, aer A, alt,and ast found in 47(52.2%), 13(14.4%), 22(24.4%), and 12(13.3%) of the isolates, respectively. The majority of the isolates(≥ 90%) were susceptible to aztreonam, imipenem, cefepime, chloramphenicol,gentamicin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. However, several resistance genes were detected in the isolates, as well as a new mcr-3 variant.Conclusions Sequence type, virulence properties, and antibiotic resistance vary in Aeromonas isolates from clinical patients, tap water systems, and food.     

钛金属内植物表面抗菌肽的应用进展

抗菌肽广泛存在于多种生物体内,是生物体非特异性免疫功能的重要组成部分。其可以保护机体免受细菌、真菌、寄生虫和病毒等病原体的侵袭,还具有介导催化、凋亡、免疫调节活性、促进伤口愈合和促成骨等作用,是钛金属内植物表面抗菌涂层研究的热点,具有良好的应用前景。本文就应用于钛金属内植物表面的抗菌肽的抗菌机制、加载方式和应用现状等进行综述。     

Antimicrobial peptides: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of psoriasis

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by a myriad of cells and play important roles not only in protecting against infections and sustaining skin barrier homeostasis but also in contributing to immune dysregulation under pathological conditions. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that AMPs, including cathelicidin (LL-37), human β-defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7, are highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. These peptides broadly regulate immunity by interacting with various immune cells and linking innate and adaptive immune responses during the progression of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding AMPs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with a main focus on their immunomodulatory abilities.