The flexor function of the m. pronator teres in man: a quantitative electromyographic study

Summary The muscle pronator teres was studied by surface electromyography during elbow flexion in a horizontal plane. The forearm was in semi-pronation and movement was performed at various velocities. A quantitative comparison was made between pronator teres activity and two main elbow flexors, biceps brachii and brachioradialis.The mean timing of the onset of activity was constant: biceps brachii was activated first followed by pronator teres and brachioradialis, and the lower the velocity of flexion, the earlier was the onset of biceps brachii activity.There was a linear relationship between the integrated EMG from each muscle and the work done. However, this relationship was less exact for pronator teres and brachioradialis at low values of work, a finding which opens questions about the generality of this relationship and about the muscle equivalent concept.Pronator teres appears to participate in elbow flexion besides its role in pronation.Despite similar anatomical peculiarities, pronator teres does not behave in the same way as anconaeus or popliteus and, above all, it is not the sole muscle active in slow movement. Thus, all the stocky mucles lying close to an articulation do not behave in the same way.     

Genetic analysis of the relationships between behavioral and neuroendocrine traits in roman high and low avoidance rat lines

In order to determine whether the coselection observed between the selection trait (active avoidance behavior) of the Roman High Avoidance (RHA) and Roman Low Avoidance (RLA) rat lines and their neuroendocrine characteristics were genetically determined, we analyzed, in nonsegregating (RHA, RLA, and F₁) and segregating (F₂ and the two backcrosses) crosses, the inheritance pattern and the phenotypic correlations among behavioral (shuttle-box behavior), physiological (body, adrenal, and thymus weights), and neuroendocrine (corticosterone and prolactin reactivity, catecholamine enzyme activities) variables. Physiological characteristics and enzyme activities have acrucial role in sex dissociation. Avoidance behavior and prolactin reactivity to novel environment remained associated in segregating crosses despite gene rearrangement. They represented the most important variables to differentiate the Roman lines, perhaps sharing a common regulatory mechanism under genetic control.     

视屏暴露和户外活动与幼儿睡眠的关联研究

目的 分析视屏暴露和户外活动与幼儿睡眠的相关性,为预防和干预儿童睡眠问题提供科学依据。方法 基于已建立的马鞍山市母婴健康出生队列,对2015年6月—2016年6月出生的单胎活产儿,随访至2岁,收集社会人口统计学、视屏暴露、户外活动和睡眠情况的资料。共获得有效问卷1 575份,男童833人,女童742人。使用χ²检验和Logistic回归模型对数据进行分析。结果 幼儿睡眠质量差的发生率为26.16%;电视打开时间(不一定在看)≥2 h/d、看电视≥1 h/d、玩手机≥30 min/d分别占50.73%、45.21%和26.03%,户外活动≥2 h/d的比例为71.30%;去户外场所的频率≥2次/周和在户外场所≥1 h/次的比例分别为76.31%和37.71%。调整人口统计学等混杂因素后,打开电视时间(不一定在看电视)≥2 h/d(OR=1.40,95%CI:1.11～1.77)、看电视时间≥1 h/d(OR=1.39,95%CI:1.11～1.75)、玩手机时间≥30 min/d(OR=1.55,95%CI:1.21～1.99)均会增加幼儿睡眠质量差发生的风险;去户外场所的频率≥2次/周(OR=0.72,95%CI:0.55～0.93)和在户外场所时间≥1 h/次(OR=0.78,95%CI:0.62～0.99)则能降低发生幼儿睡眠质量差的风险。结论 幼儿睡眠问题存在一定比例,视屏暴露和户外活动均与幼儿睡眠相关,在儿童保健门诊中应对家长进行科学指导,减少视屏暴露时间,增加户外活动,以减少儿童睡眠问题的发生。     

品管圈对精神分裂症患者约束率及护理满意度的影响

目的总结和分析精神分裂症患者的护理中采用品管圈活动的临床效果。方法以本院于2017年8月—2019年6月收治的122例精神分裂症患者为研究对象,随机分为品管圈组和常规护理组,各61例。其中常规护理组患者选择传统的常规护理方法,而品管圈组患者则采取品管圈活动。比较两组患者的护理效果,对比指标主要有患者的约束率和护理满意度。结果品管圈组患者各项评价指标均优于常规护理组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者采用品管圈活动的总体临床效果较好,可提高患者的约束率,总体满意度高。     

户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习情况对中小学生视力不良的交互作用

目的 分析户外活动时间与学龄前参加文化课学习情况的交互作用与中小学生视力不良的关系,为制定防控中小学生视力不良的策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法于2018年9-11月在湖南省抽取8 467名小学四年级到高中三年级学生进行体格检查和问卷调查。相乘交互作用建立多因素Logistic回归模型,并计算交互作用超额危险度(RERI)、交互作用归因比(API)及交互作用指数 S (Index S)探讨户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习对视力不良的相加交互作用。结果 8 467名调查对象中视力不良检出人数为5 612名,检出率为66.28%。学龄前参加过文化课学习者,视力不良的发生风险是不参加学习者的1.500倍(95%CI:1.331~1.689,P<0.001),每日户外活动<2 h的学生发生视力不良的风险是每日户外活动≥2 h者的1.247倍(95%CI:1.103~1.409,P<0.001)。户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习的交互作用项具有统计学意义(P_交互=0.003)。在调整相关因素后,户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习的RERI、API、Index S分别为0.529、0.310、3.973。结论 中小学生户外活动时间、学龄前文化课学习均与视力不良发生风险相关,并两者对视力不良有交互作用。因此,应加强学龄前儿童的户外活动,以预防视力不良发生。     

The Protective Roles of Exercise and Maintenance of Daily Living Routines for Chinese Adolescents During the COVID-19 Quarantine Period

PurposeAdolescents are particularly vulnerable during the COVID-19 quarantine periods and may be at risk for developing psychological distress symptoms that extend beyond a crisis, including depression. This study examined adolescents’ postquarantine depressive symptoms associated with pandemic stressors. The primary aim was to identify potential protective factors that may buffer the association between the presence of COVID-19 cases in adolescents’ communities and their postquarantine depressive symptoms.MethodsAdolescents from public schools were recruited from Zhengzhou city, Henan, China (N = 1,487, M_age=13.14 years, 50% girls). Adolescents reported the presence of confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases in their communities, their daily activities and routines during the 2-month quarantine period, and depressive symptoms after the quarantine period.ResultsThe presence of cases in adolescents’ communities during the quarantine contributed to more depressive symptoms in adolescents after the quarantine. This association was buffered by adolescents’ spending more time on physical activities and better maintenance of daily living routines during the quarantine period. The presence of community infection was also more strongly associated with depressive symptoms in older adolescents.ConclusionsThe presence of COVID-19 cases in communities contributed to adolescents’ poorer mental health, and the association was stronger for older adolescents. Spending time on physical activities and maintaining daily living routines during the quarantine appear to be practical strategies that can be used by adolescents to mitigate the association between pandemic stressors and their diminishing mental health.     

氨基巯三唑衍生物的合成及其生物活性研究 I.3-呋喃-4,5-二取代均三唑衍生物的合成与抗菌活性

目的 :合成新型氨基巯三唑衍生物 ,筛选广谱、高效、低毒的临床抗菌药物。方法 :设计合成了 3 (2’ 呋喃 ) 4 氨基 5 巯基 1,2 ,4 三唑 (Ⅵ )及其衍生物 4 (5’ 硝基糠叉替氨基 )均三唑 (Ⅷ )以及 5 取代苄巯基均三唑 (Ⅶ ) ,并采用琼脂扩散法对合成化合物进行了抑菌活性试验。结果 :所合成化合物的化学结构由元素分析、红外光谱 (IR)和核磁共振氢谱 (1HNMR)等所证实。初步抗菌活性试验结果表明 :化合物(Ⅷ )对所有受试菌株均表现出高度敏感性 ,新合成的化合物 (Ⅶa～b)仅对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的抑制活性。结论 :3 呋喃 4 ,5 二取代氨基巯基均三唑衍生物是一类新型的具有重要研究价值和临床开发前景的抗菌剂。     

Natural language processing and entrustable professional activity text feedback in surgery: A machine learning model of resident autonomy

BackgroundEntrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) contain narrative ‘entrustment roadmaps’ designed to describe specific behaviors associated with different entrustment levels. However, these roadmaps were created using expert committee consensus, with little data available for guidance. Analysis of actual EPA assessment narrative comments using natural language processing may enhance our understanding of resident entrustment in actual practice.MethodsAll text comments associated with EPA microassessments at a single institution were combined. EPA—entrustment level pairs (e.g. Gallbladder Disease—Level 1) were identified as documents. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a common machine learning algorithm, was used to identify latent topics in the documents associated with a single EPA. These topics were then reviewed for interpretability by human raters.ResultsOver 18 months, 1015 faculty EPA microassessments were collected from 64 faculty for 80 residents. LDA analysis identified topics that mapped 1:1 to EPA entrustment levels (Gammas >0.99). These LDA topics appeared to trend coherently with entrustment levels (words demonstrating high entrustment were consistently found in high entrustment topics, word demonstrating low entrustment were found in low entrustment topics).ConclusionsLDA is capable of identifying topics relevant to progressive surgical entrustment and autonomy in EPA comments. These topics provide insight into key behaviors that drive different level of resident autonomy and may allow for data-driven revision of EPA entrustment maps.     

Setting standards of performance expected in neurosurgery residency: A study on entrustable professional activities in competency-based medical education

BackgroundCompetency-based medical education requires evaluations of residents’ performances of tasks of the discipline (ie. entrustable professional activities (EPAs)). Using neurosurgical Faculty perspectives, this study investigated whether a sample of neurosurgical EPAs accurately reflected the expectations of general neurosurgical practice.MethodA questionnaire was sent to all Canadian neurosurgery Faculty using a SurveyMonkey® platform.ResultsThe proportion of respondents who believed the EPAs were representative of general neurosurgery competences varied significantly across all EPAs [47%–100%] (p < 0.0001). For 9/15 proposed EPAs, ≥75% agreed they were appropriate for general neurosurgery training and expected residents to attain the highest standard of performance. However, a range of 27–53% of the respondents felt the other six EPAs would be more appropriate for fellowship training and thus, require a lower standard of performance from graduating residents.ConclusionThe shift towards subspecialization in neurosurgery has implications for curriculum design, delivery and certification of graduating residents.     

Dark Tea: A popular beverage with possible medicinal application

Tea is a famous beverage that is produced from leaves of Camellia sinensis. Amongst the six major tea categories in China, dark tea is the only one that involves microbial fermentation in the manufacturing process, which contributes unique flavors and functions for the tea. In the recent decade, the reports about the biofunctions of dark teas have increased rapidly. Therefore it may be the proper time to consider dark tea as one potential homology of medicine and food. In this viewpoint, our current understanding of the chemical constituents, biological activities and possible health beneficial effects of dark teas were introduced. Some future directions and challenges to the development perspectives of dark teas were also discussed.