颈椎前路减压人工颈椎间盘置换术与融合术治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症的短期疗效比较

背景：颈前路椎间盘切除植骨融合术（ACDF）能够为有症状的颈椎病患者提供较好的治疗效果,但颈椎融合可导致相邻节段椎间盘内部应力增加,加速邻近节段椎间盘的退变。颈椎人工椎间盘置换术（ACDR）作为最具代表性的颈椎前路非融合技术,为颈椎间盘突出症的治疗提供了另外一种外科手段。目的：比较ACDR和ACDF治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法：2009年1月至2012年2月,61例单节段颈椎间盘突出症患者接受Discover人工颈椎间盘置换手术（置换组,26例）或ACDF手术（融合组,35例）。分别在术前,术后1周,术后3、6、12及24个月对患者进行疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、日本矫形外科协会（JOA）评分及影像学评估,同时记录患者并发症及二次手术情况。结果：最终,52例患者（融合组29例,置换组23例）获得平均15.3个月（12-24个月）随访。两组患者术后各随访时间点的颈痛、上肢痛VAS和JOA评分,较术前均有改善（P〈0.05）,但两组间无显著统计学差异（P〉0.05）。置换组术后手术节段及邻近节段屈伸活动度与术前比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。融合组融合成功率为90.5%。置换组中2例患者术后6个月时假体有〈3 mm的前移,l例术后发生脑脊液漏。融合组中1例患者发生邻椎病并接受二次手术治疗。结论：单节段Discover人工颈椎间盘置换术和ACDF均可明显缓解颈椎间盘突出症患者的症状。间盘置换还能减少手术邻近节段代偿活动度的增加,有望预防相邻节段退变的发生。     

Can rotatory knee laxity be predicted in isolated anterior cruciate ligament surgery?

Purpose

Despite the overall success of the surgical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, some patients still present with instability symptoms even after the surgery, mainly due to the presence of associated lesions. At present, the pivot shift test has been reported to be the benchmark to assess rotatory knee laxity. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate rotatory knee laxity at time-zero in order to determine whether detected post-reconstruction laxity was predictable by its value measured before the reconstruction, which was hypothized to be influenced by the presence of associated lesions.

Methods

Rotatory knee laxity was retrospectively analysed in 42 patients, including two different ACL reconstructions. The maximal anterior displacement and the absolute value of the posterior acceleration reached during the reduction of the tibial lateral compartment were intra-operatively acquired by using a navigation system and identified as discriminating parameters. For each parameter, statistical linear regression analysis (line slope and intercept) was performed between pre- and post-reconstruction values.

Results

No statistically significant influence of the initial posterior acceleration on the post-reconstruction outcome was found (line slope, p > 0.05), although a statistically significant line intercept was indeed identified (p < 0.001). A statistically significant influence on the surgery outcome was instead found for the initial value of the anterior tibial displacement (line slope = 0.39, p = 0.004), meaning that, on average, about 40 % of the post-reconstruction lateral compartment displacement could be explained by the corresponding pre-reconstruction value. Both of these findings highlighted the importance of intra-operative quantification of rotatory knee laxity to identify correct indications for the surgery.

Conclusions

This study provided important implications for the future possibility of defining a quantifying tool able to assess rotatory knee laxity during ACL reconstruction. This could allow detection of additional injuries to secondary restraints by easily performing rotatory knee laxity tests, which in turn could reduce post-surgical recurrence of knee instability.     

The incidence of trochlear dysplasia in anterior cruciate ligament tears

Purpose

The purpose of the present epidemiologic study is to record the radiographic presence of trochlear dysplasia and patella alta in patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction as a potential underlying factor for post-operative anterior knee pain (AKP).

Methods

All consecutive cases of skeletally-mature ACL-deficient knees that would undergo ACL reconstruction in three different hospitals were prospectively included during a six-month period. Inclusion criteria were acute and sub-acute ACL injury with no previous ipsilateral knee operation. Patients with chronic ACL tears, prior-to-ACL-injury history of patellar instability or other PF disorders were excluded from the study.

Results

A total of 299 knees were included (mean age 32 ± ten years). Forty-four (14.7 %) knees had a positive ‘crossing sign’ in the lateral X-rays and 255 (85.3 %) had no sign of trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). Among the cases with trochlear dysplasia, 41 (93 %) had type A trochlear dysplasia with the presence only of the ‘crossing sign’ and three (7 %) had type C trochlear dysplasia. Patellar height results included a mean Caton-Deschamps index of 1.0 ± 0.14 (0.5–1.4). Twenty (6.6 %) knees had an index of less than 0.8, and two (0.6 %) knees had an index less than 0.6. In contrast, 15 (5.0 %) knees had an abnormal value of more than 1.2, indicating patella alta.

Conclusions

The most important finding of the study is the increased prevalence of trochlear dysplasia and patella alta in patients with ACL injury, when compared to the incidence of trochlear dysplasia and patella alta in the general population in the literature. This finding could sound as an alert of a possible additional risk factor for post-operative anterior knee pain after ACL reconstruction.     

腱索转移与人工腱索在复杂二尖瓣前叶脱垂病变治疗中的应用

目的总结腱索转移和人工腱索技术在二尖瓣成形术中的临床应用经验,以提高临床治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年2月采用腱索转移和人工腱索技术治疗以二尖瓣前叶脱垂为主（均为退行性二尖瓣关闭不全）74例患者的临床资料,其中男34例,女40例,年龄22～64（48．00±6．40）岁。按手术方法不同将74例患者分为两组,腱索转移组（n=42）：行腱索转移术,采用后叶腱索转移至前叶的方法;人工腱索组（n=32）：行人工腱索术,采用的是线圈技术。术后观察围术期死亡、并发症发生情况和二尖瓣反流程度。随访期间行超声心动图观察左心室射血分数、左心室舒张期末内径、收缩期末内径等指标变化。结果腱索转移组和人工腱索组均无围手术期死亡,2例开胸止血,9例术后出现阵发性心房颤动,给予静脉滴注胺碘酮处理后好转。出院前复查心脏超声心动图提示：腱索转移组患者有少量反流5例,微量反流12例,未见明显反流25例。人工腱索组有少量反流6例,微量反流15例,未见明显反流11例。随访70例,随访率94．59％（70／74）。两组患者术后6个月左心室射血分数分别较出院前明显增加（腱索转移组：64．00％±4．20％VS．55．00％±5．10％;人工腱索组：63．00％±3．50％vs．56．00％±4．20％）,左心室舒张期末内径[腱索转移组：（47．00±2．20）mm vs ．（58．00±6．90）mm;人工腱索组：（45．00±3．80）mm vs．（57．00±5．10）mm]、收缩期末内径分别较术前明显缩小（P〈0．05）。腱索转移组术前、出院前、术后6个月左心室射血分数、左心室舒张期末内径、收缩期末内径与人工腱索组差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。腱索转移组术后14个月有1例患者因二尖瓣大量反流再次行二尖瓣置换术。人工腱索组有1例患者于术后6个月由于频繁出现血红蛋白尿再次行二尖瓣置换术。结论腱索转移和人工腱索技术均适合复杂二尖瓣前叶脱垂的处理,人工腱索技术适用范围更为广泛,腱索转移的技术要求更高,变化性较大。两种方法均有良好的近期效果,值得临床掌握和应用。     

Principles of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation

It is known that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction needs to be combined with detailed postoperative rehabilitation in order for patients to return to their pre-injury activity levels, and that the rehabilitation process is as important as the reconstruction surgery. Literature studies focus on how early in the postoperative ACL rehabilitation period rehabilitation modalities can be initiated. Despite the sheer number of studies on this topic, postoperative ACL rehabilitation protocols have not been standardized yet. Could common, “ossified” knowledge or modalities really prove themselves in the literature? Could questions such as “is postoperative brace use really necessary?”, “what are the benefits of early restoration of the range of motion (ROM)?”, “to what extent is neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) effective in the protection from muscular atrophy?”, “how early can proprioception training and open chain exercises begin?”, “should strengthening training start in the immediate postoperative period?” be answered for sure? My aim is to review postoperative brace use, early ROM restoration, NMES, proprioception, open/closed chain exercises and early strengthening, which are common modalities in the very comprehensive theme of postoperative ACL rehabilitation, on the basis of several studies (Level of Evidence 1 and 2) and to present the commonly accepted ways they are presently used. Moreover, I have presented the objectives of postoperative ACL rehabilitation in tables and recent miscellaneous studies in the last chapter of the paper.     

A prospective study to assess the outcomes of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Purpose

Continuously increasing numbers of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions invites a parallel increase in graft failures and need for revision ACL reconstruction surgery. High failure rates has previously stigmatised the revision surgery. We performed this study using multiple outcome measures together with clinical examination to offer a full assessment of the outcomes of this procedure.

Methods

Twenty patients, with mean age of 29.4 years (17–50 years), were included in this study prior to their revision ACL reconstruction surgery. All patients were followed prospectively collecting the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Tegner-Lysholm scores pre- and post-operatively together with clinical assessment of the antero-posterior knee laxity.

Results

After a mean follow up interval of 30 months (16–60 months) significant post-operative improvement of IKDC, Tegner-Lysholm scores and knee antero-posterior laxity together with the Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Quality of Life (QOL) components of the KOOS score was noticed (P < 0.05). However, there was no similar improvement in pain and sports components of the KOOS score (P > 0.05). There was no difference in the outcomes of different graft types.

Conclusion

Good outcomes of revision ACL reconstruction surgery are achievable. The use of different graft types did not affect the outcome of the procedure. Most of the patients opted to less aggressive sports participation after the revision procedure.     

前交叉韧带囊肿的临床表现与关节镜治疗

目的：探讨膝关节前交叉韧带囊肿的临床表现和关节镜手术疗效.方法：回顾性分析自2005年1月至2010年12月收治的12例症状性膝关节前交叉韧带囊肿的资料.男8例,女4例;年龄19～53岁,平均（33.7±9.5）岁;左膝5例,右膝7例;病程3～48个月,平均（15.8±13.2）个月.术中关节镜下完整切除前交叉韧带囊肿.记录术前术后膝关节的活动度,膝关节功能采用Lysholm评分标准进行评定.结果：术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无相关并发症发生.12例均获随访,时间24～48个月,平均（32.3±6.6）个月.患膝关节疼痛、肿胀、交锁症状均消失,随访期间无复发.术后关节活动度及Lysholm评分均较术前明显改善.结论：关节镜诊治症状性前交叉韧带囊肿具有创伤小、恢复快的优点,是治疗症状性膝关节前交叉韧带囊肿的有效治疗手段.     

富血小板血浆在膝关节前十字韧带重建术中的应用

 目的 探讨富血小板血浆在膝关节前十字韧带重建术中应用的效果。方法 2010年1月至2013年1月,将40例拟接受初次膝关节前十字韧带重建的单纯前十字韧带断裂患者随机分为两组,每组20例。采用自体股薄肌腱和半腱肌腱移植物进行重建。一组术中应用自体富血小板血浆和血凝酶浸泡移植物（富血小板血浆组）,另一组应用同等剂量的生理盐水和血凝酶浸泡移植物（生理盐水组）。术后1、3、12个月进行随访,评估术后引流量、伤口炎性反应程度、伤口愈合等级、前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验、膝关节功能Lysholm评分及KNEELAX3检查。结果 术后随访12~24个月,平均18个月。富血小板血浆组引流量为（142±24） ml,与生理盐水的差异有统计学意义。术后第4天,富血小板血浆组伤口炎症反应程度为轻者1例、中1例、无反应18例,生理盐水组分别为2例、2例、16例。富血小板血浆组伤口均达甲级愈合;生理盐水组甲级愈合19例、乙级愈合1例。两组术前前抽屉试验、Lachman试验及轴移试验均为阳性,术后均为阴性。富血小板血浆组Lysholm评分由术前（39.8±8.9）分提高至术后12个月（92.1±2.7）分,术后评分与生理盐水组比较差异无统计学意义;富血小板血浆组KNEELAX3测量结果由术前（9.4±1.2） mm降至术后12个月（1.2±1.1） mm,术后结果与生理盐水组比较差异有统计学意义。结论 膝关节前十字韧带重建术中使用富血小板血浆浸泡移植物可减少术后引流量,促进骨隧道内腱骨结合部的愈合及膝关节功能的恢复。     

前路与后路减压治疗胸腰段骨折合并脊髓损伤疗效的Meta分析

目的:系统评价前路减压(anterior decompression)与后路减压(posterior decompression)治疗胸腰段骨折合并脊髓损伤的疗效与安全性,为胸腰段骨折合并脊髓损伤的疗效提供更好的科学依据。方法:检索并收集前路减压与后路减压治疗胸腰段骨折合并脊髓损伤的比较性研究。通过计算机检索下列数据库:Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、CNKI、CBM、万方医学网。人工检索期刊Spine、European Spine Journal、The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery。2名脊柱外科专业人员按照既定的纳入与排除标准,独立筛选文献,并对各纳入的研究进行质量评价。使用Review Manager5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析,观察指标包括手术时间、术中出血量、术后触觉评分、术后运动评分、术后伤椎高度、住院时间、神经功能恢复、治疗有效率及术后并发症。结果:最终纳入15项随机对照试验(randomized controlled trail,RCT),共1360例患者,其中前路减压术680例,后路减压术680例。Meta分析结果示,与后路减压组相比,前路减压组手术时间长[MD=80.09,95%CI(36.83,123.34),P=0.0003],术中出血量多[MD=225.21,95%CI(171.07,279.35),P0.00001],住院时间长[MD=2.31,95%CI(0.32,4.31),P=0.02],术后触觉评分高[MD=13.39,95%CI(9.86,16.92),P0.00001],术后运动评分高[MD=13.15,95%CI(7.02,19.29),P0.0001],伤椎高度高[MD=1.36,95%CI(0.79,1.92),P0.00001],而两者在治疗有效率[OR=1.14,95%CI(0.56,2.31),P=0.72]、神经功能恢复[OR=0.87,95%CI(0.57,1.33),P=0.52]方面,差异均无统计学意义。结论:前路减压与后路减压相比,手术时间长,术中出血量多,住院时间长,术后触觉评分高,术后运动评分高,伤椎高度高,但是两者在治疗有效率、神经功能恢复方面差异无统计学意义。