320排动态容积CT低剂量扫描对糖尿病不典型肝脓肿的诊断价值

目的分析糖尿病患者不典型肝脓肿的CT征象,以提高低辐射剂量CT检查对肝脓肿的早期诊断正确率。方法回顾性分析我院2010年10月至2011年10月收治的糖尿病患者中经临床、手术或病理学证实的肝脓肿患者40例,其中20例行320排容积CT扫描,20例行64排螺旋CT扫描,分析其CT平扫及增强扫描各征象,对两组所受辐射剂量及噪声进行对比。结果 CT平扫两组肝脓肿均呈圆形或卵圆形低密度影或等低混杂密度影,增强扫描高灌注征、簇状征、持续强化征、缩小征在两组间无统计学差异。320排容积扫描组辐射剂量(9.9±0.8)mSv,噪声5.90±0.63;64排螺旋扫描组所接受辐射剂量(17.5±1.2)mSv,噪声5.35±0.55。两组辐射剂量及噪声差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 320排CT容积扫描辅助诊断不典型肝脓肿其诊断准确率高,辐射剂量低,可为临床诊断肝脓肿提供可靠的依据。     

Math anxiety,self‐efficacy,and ability in British undergraduate nursing students

Nurses need to be able to make drug calculations competently. In this study, involving 229 second year British nursing students, we explored the influence of mathematics anxiety, self‐efficacy, and numerical ability on drug calculation ability and determined which factors would best predict this skill. Strong significant relationships (p < .001) existed between anxiety, self‐efficacy, and ability. Students who failed the numerical and/or drug calculation ability tests were more anxious (p < .001) and less confident (p ≤ .002) in performing calculations than those who passed. Numerical ability made the strongest unique contribution in predicting drug calculation ability (beta = 0.50, p < .001) followed by drug calculation self‐efficacy (beta = 0.16, p = .04). Early testing is recommended for basic numerical skills. Faculty are advised to refresh students' numerical skills before introducing drug calculations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:178–186, 2012     

Levothyroxine Dosage Is Associated with Stability of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Values

Objective

In patients treated for hypothyroidism, the usual practice is to monitor thyroid-stimulating hormone values yearly once a therapeutic dosage of levothyroxine is determined. This study investigates whether there are any clinical predictors that could identify a subset of patients who might be monitored safely on a less frequent basis.

Methods

With the use of a retrospective study design, 715 patients treated for hypothyroidism who had a normal (ie, therapeutic) thyroid-stimulating hormone value in 2006 while taking levothyroxine were identified. All thyroid-stimulating hormone values were then obtained through December 31, 2012. By using a Cox proportional hazard model, gender, age, body mass index, history of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, initial thyroid-stimulating hormone level, and levothyroxine dose were analyzed for time to first abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value.

Results

Age, gender, history of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and body mass index at the time of initial normal thyroid-stimulating hormone were not associated significantly with time to abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value. Levothyroxine dose >125 μg/day had an increased hazard ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.4; P < .0001) for time to first follow-up abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value, but dosages less than that did not increase the hazard ratio. One year after the initial normal thyroid-stimulating hormone value, 91.1% of patients taking ≤125 μg/day had a continued normal thyroid-stimulating hormone, whereas only 73.3% of patients taking >125 μg/day did. Transformed thyroid-stimulating hormone value (which represents a measure of how far the initial thyroid-stimulating hormone was from the midpoint of the normal range) also had an increased hazard ratio of 1.14 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.2; P < .0001) for time to first abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value.

Conclusions

For patients receiving ≤125 μg/day of levothyroxine, we propose that a testing interval up to 2 years may be acceptable if their thyroid-stimulating hormone is well within the normal range.     

右旋美托咪啶麻醉诱导用于冠状动脉旁路移植术临床效果分析

目的:对比研究麻醉诱导时联合应用右旋美托咪啶(dexmedetomidine)在冠状动脉旁路血管移植术(OPCABG)的临床效果。方法:36例拟行OPCABG的患者随机分为右旋美托咪啶组(D组)与对照组(C组)。D组于麻醉诱导前给予右旋美托咪啶负荷量1μg/kg进行麻醉诱导,给药时间>10min。C组采用0.9%氯化钠液对照。2组麻醉诱导方法和其他用药相同。记录麻醉诱导前(T1)、气管插管时(T2)、气管插管后即刻(T3)的血流动力学指标。术后镇痛均采用舒芬太尼,镇痛效果采用100mm视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS)法,术后镇静程度采用Remesay镇静评分。记录气管导管拔除时间、ICU停留时间、舒芬太尼应用总量、术后吗啡的额外需要量及术后并发症。结果:与C组比较,D组在麻醉诱导气管插管时平均动脉压(76±8)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)较C组(64±10)mm-Hg高,下降幅度小(P<0.05),气管插管后MAP及心率升高幅度较小(P<0.05)。ICU拔除气管导管后15 min、4 h及24 h的VAS评分2组差异无统计学意义。2组术后拔管时间、ICU停留时间、舒芬太尼总量、Remesay镇静评分、恶心呕吐的发生率及总住院时间差异无统计学意义。结论:麻醉诱导联合应用右旋美托咪啶于OPCABG患者具有更理想的血流动力学参数,提示右旋美托咪啶在OPCABG患者麻醉诱导中具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily insulin injections in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis

Aims We compared the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with those of multiple daily insulin (MDI) injections on glycaemic control, risk of hypoglycaemic episodes, insulin requirements and adverse events in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials up to March 2007. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Results Overall, 22 studies were included (17 on type 1 diabetes mellitus, two on type 2 diabetes mellitus, three on children). With regard to adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, our meta-analysis found a between-treatment difference of −0.4% HbA_1c (six studies) in favour of CSII therapy. Available median rates of mild or overall hypoglycaemic events were comparable between the different interventions (1.9 [0.9–3.1] [CSII] vs 1.7 [1.1–3.3] [MDI] events per patient per week). Total daily insulin requirements were lower with CSII than with MDI therapy. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, CSII and MDI treatment showed no statistically significant difference for HbA_1c. The incidence of mild hypoglycaemic events was comparable between the treatment groups. In adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, glycated haemoglobin and insulin requirements were significantly lower in the CSII groups; no data were available on hypoglycaemic events. The only study performed in younger children did not provide enough data for conclusive inferences. No overall conclusions were possible for severe hypoglycaemia and adverse events for any of the different patient groups due to rareness of such events, different definitions and insufficient reporting. Conclusions/interpretation CSII therapy in adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus resulted in a greater reduction of glycated haemoglobin, in adult patients without a higher rate of hypoglycaemia. No beneficial effect of CSII therapy could be detected for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.     

Factor VIII recovery after a single infusion of recalibrated ReFacto® in 14 severe haemophilia A patients

A recent multicentre collaborative study showed higher estimates of ReFacto potency when assayed with ReFacto Laboratory Standard(TM) (RLS) in comparison when standards consisting of full-length factor VIII (FVIII) were used. The RLS was hence recalibrated, leading to a 20% increase in the amount of ReFacto per vial without change in the labelled potency. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incremental and in vivo recovery of the recalibrated ReFacto in patients with severe haemophilia A. Fourteen male severe haemophilia A patients (FVIII < 1 IU dL(-1)) with a cumulative previous exposure days to any FVIII product >150 were administered an intravenous infusion 50 +/- 5 IU kg(-1) of ReFacto over a 5-min period. Blood samples were collected before infusion and after 15, 30 and 60 min. FVIII clotting activity (FVIII:C) was assessed in a central laboratory by the chromogenic substrate assay. After ReFacto infusion, peak FVIII:C was obtained within 15 min for 10 patients and within 30 min for the remaining four. Mean FVIII:C at peak was 117.7 +/- 17.3 IU dL(-1). Mean incremental recovery was 2.22 +/- 0.27 IU dL(-1) per IU kg(-1) while mean in vivo recovery was 105.9 +/- 14.6%. One patient reported three mild adverse events rated as 'unrelated' to the study drug. FVIII recovery after recalibrated ReFacto infusion falls within the expected range and is similar to the values reported for other FVIII concentrates.     

Ploidy effects on genes regulating growth mechanisms during fasting and refeeding in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Diploid and triploid rainbow trout weighing approximately 3 g were either fed for five weeks, or feed deprived for one week, followed by refeeding. During feed deprivation gastrointestinal somatic index decreased in diploids, but not triploids, and during refeeding, carcass growth rate recovered more quickly in triploids. Although not affected by ploidy, liver ghr2 and igfbp2b expression increased and igfbp1b decreased in fasted fish. Effects of ploidy on gene expression indicate potential mechanisms associated with improved recovery growth in triploids, which include decreased hepatic igfbp expression, which could influence IGF-I bioavailability, differences in tissue sensitivity to TGFbeta ligands due to altered tgfbr and smad expression, and differences in expression of muscle regulatory genes (myf5, mstn1a, and mstn1b). These data suggest that polyploidy influences the expression of genes critical to muscle development and general growth regulation, which may explain why triploid fish recover from nutritional insult better than diploid fish.     

Ventricular Tachycardia Associated with Radiation-Induced Cardiac Sarcoma

Cardiac tumors can lead to distinct electrocardiographic changes and ventricular arrhythmias. Benign and malignant cardiac tumors have been associated with ventricular tachycardia. When possible, benign tumors should be resected when ventricular arrhythmias are intractable. Chemotherapy can shrink malignant tumors and eliminate arrhythmias.We report the case of a 52-year-old woman with breast sarcoma whom we diagnosed with myocardial metastasis after she presented with palpitations. The initial electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm with new right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation in the anterior precordial leads. During telemetry, hemodynamically stable, sustained ventricular tachycardia with right ventricular localization was detected. Images showed a myocardial mass in the right ventricular free wall. Amiodarone suppressed the arrhythmia.To our knowledge, this is the first report of ventricular tachycardia associated with radiation-induced undifferentiated sarcoma. We discuss the distinct electrocardiographic changes and ventricular arrhythmias that can be associated with cardiac tumors, and we review the relevant medical literature.     

三维适形放疗与调强放疗治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的剂量学比较

目的评估三维适形放疗(3DCRT)与调强放疗(IMRT)2种不同放疗技术在原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓放射治疗中的优缺点。方法 20例不能手术的原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓的患者分别进行3DCRT和IMRT 2种放疗计划设计,处方剂量均为40 Gy/20 f。比较2组计划的靶区与危及器官剂量学参数及加速器跳数(MU)。2组间比较采用t检验。结果 IMRT在计划靶体积(PTV)的剂量覆盖、均一性及适形度均优于3DCRT(P0.05);3DCRT与IMRT的肝V30 Gy及肝V20 Gy分别为33.55±5.67vs 29.41±2.67(P=0.001)和44.24±6.17 vs 41.28±4.59(P=0.021)。2组的正常肝组织低剂量区范围与胃、小肠、脊髓、双肾的受照射剂量并无显著性差异。3DCRT与IMRT的MU分别为303.7±35.8和377.4±33.2(P=0.000)。结论与3DCRT相比,IMRT有较满意的PTV高剂量覆盖及均匀的剂量分布。在危及器官保护方面,IMRT的肝脏高剂量区范围明显低于3DCRT,而不足的是,IMRT的治疗时间显著长于3DCRT。