Prevalence of AmpC over-expression in bloodstream isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study examined the contribution of AmpC over-expression to beta-lactam resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from a hospital in Houston, TX, USA. Seventy-six non-repeat bloodstream isolates obtained during 2003 were screened for ceftazidime resistance in the presence and absence of clavulanic acid 4 mg/L. AmpC was identified by isoelectric focusing (with and without cloxacillin inhibition); stable derepression was ascertained phenotypically by a spectrophotometric assay (with and without preceding induction by imipenem) using nitrocefin as the substrate, and was confirmed subsequently by quantitative RT-PCR of the ampC gene. The clonal relatedness of the AmpC-over-expressing isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In addition, the ampC and ampR gene sequences were determined by PCR and sequencing. For comparison, two standard wild-type strains (PAO1 and ATCC 27853) and three multidrug-susceptible isolates were used as controls. AmpC over-expression was confirmed in 14 ceftazidime-resistant isolates (overall prevalence rate, 18.4%), belonging to seven distinct clones. The most prevalent point mutations in ampC were G27D, V205L and G391A. Point mutations in ampR were also detected in eight ceftazidime-resistant isolates. AmpC over-expression appears to be a significant mechanism of beta-lactam resistance in P. aeruginosa. Understanding the prevalence and mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance in P. aeruginosa may guide the choice of empirical therapy for nosocomial infections in hospitals.     

High diversity of beta-lactamases in the General Hospital Vienna verified by whole genome sequencing and statistical analysis

The detailed analysis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms is essential for understanding the underlying evolutionary processes, the implementation of appropriate intervention strategies and to guarantee efficient treatment options. In the present study, 110 β-lactam-resistant, clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae sampled in 2011 in one of Europe’s largest hospitals, the General Hospital Vienna, were screened for the presence of 31 β-lactamase genes. Twenty of those isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS). In addition, the number of β-lactamase genes was estimated using biostatistical models.The carbapenemase genes bla_KPC-2, bla_KPC-3, and bla_VIM-4 were identified in carbapenem-resistant and intermediate susceptible isolates, bla_OXA-72 in an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive one. Furthermore, the observed high prevalence of the acquired bla_DHA-1 and bla_CMY AmpC β-lactamase genes (70%) in phenotypically AmpC-positive isolates is alarming due to their capability to become carbapenem-resistant upon changes in membrane permeability. The statistical analyses revealed that approximately 55% of all β-lactamase genes present in the General Hospital Vienna were detected by this study. In summary, this work gives a very detailed picture on the disseminated β-lactamases and other resistance genes in one of Europe’s largest hospitals.     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中质粒AmpCβ内酰胺酶基因型的检测

目的了解产质粒介导的AmpC酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性和基因型。方法收集2002年1月至2004年5月间呼吸科临床标本中分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共110株，用酶提取物三维试验检测AmpC酶；用等电聚焦电泳、耐药质粒电转化试验、聚合酶链反应（PCR）及测序确定AmpC酶基因型。结果大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中AmpC酶检出率分别为9．30％（4／43），4．48％（3／67）。药敏试验结果显示产酶株对头孢西丁全部耐药，对第三代头孢菌素、酶抑制剂、氨曲南、阿米卡星及环丙沙星均有不同程度耐药，对头孢吡肟及亚胺培南较敏感。7株产AmpC酶菌株中有5株通过电转化试验可将头孢西丁耐药性传递给受体菌，经PCR扩增和测序证实为质粒介导DHA-1型AmpC酶。结论临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中已经出现产质粒介导AmpC酶菌株，其耐药性能够水平传播，给临床抗感染治疗带来重大威胁。     

Frequency of Beta-Lactamase Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

BackgroundThis cross-sectional study was performed on isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E.coli from clinical specimens of patients admitted to Sayyad Shirazi Hospital by census sampling method in 2019. Antibiogram testing was performed using the disk diffusion method as defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Organization for performing this test. Finally, the abundance of genes was evaluated by PCR using specific primers. Frequency, percentage, mean±SD were used to describe the data. Chi-square and Fisher''s exact tests were used to compare the presence and absence of the studied genes alone and in the presence of each other.ResultThis study was performed on 130 positive samples, isolated from 32 (24.6%) males and 98 (65.4%) females with a mean age of 43.78 ± 21.72. From the total number of 130 isolates, 84 (64.6%) consisted of E.coli, and 46 (35.4%) were Klebsiella. Most of the cultures were urine and vaginal (61.5%). The highest antibiotic resistance in isolates was cephalexin and cefazolin (67.9% in E.coli & 63% in Klebsiella). Colistin was identified as the most effective antibiotic (100%) in both. AMPC extendedspectrum β-lactamase genes were present in 40 (30.8%) isolates. The highest frequency about the gene pattern of AMPC positive β-lactamase bacteria was correlated to DHA, FOX, and CIT genes, while none of the samples contained the MOX β-lactamase gene. E.coli and Klebsiella beta-lactamase-producing AMPC isolates were also significantly correlated with antibiotic resistance to the cephalosporin class (P <0.05).ConclusionThis study indicated a high percentage of resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Hence, careful antibiogram tests and prevention of antibiotic overuse in infections caused by AMPC-producing organisms and screening of clinical samples for the resistance mentioned above genes and providing effective strategies to help diagnose and apply appropriate treatments and change antibiotic usage strategies can partially prevent the transmission of this resistance.     

阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解某医院阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶情况及其对10种常用抗菌药物的耐药性,以指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。方法收集该院2007年8月-2008年7月临床分离的非重复阴沟肠杆菌98株,采用头孢西丁纸片扩散法进行AmpC酶初筛,酶提取物三维试验确证阴沟肠杆菌高产AmpC酶,聚合酶链反应检测AmpC酶基因。以K B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果98株阴沟肠杆菌中有36株携带AmpC酶,检出率36.73％。在36株产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌中,检测到仅携带DHA基因株6株(16.67%);仅携带ACC基因株20株(55.56%);同时携带ACC和MIR基因株8株(22.22%);同时携带ACC、MIR和FOX基因株2株(5.56%)。产AmpC酶菌株对头孢西丁全部耐药,对第三代头孢菌素、联合抑酶剂、氨曲南、阿米卡星及环丙沙星均有不同程度耐药（44.44%~91.67%）;对头孢吡肟及亚胺培南较敏感,耐药率分别为27.78%、0.00%。结论阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶携带率高,是导致其对第三代头孢菌素耐药的重要原因;治疗阴沟肠杆菌感染应以药敏检测结果为依据。     

CMY型AmpC酶新基因亚型的序列分析与表达载体构建

目的 对两株弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌所产CMY型AmpC酶进行基因克隆、序列分析和重组表达载体的构建.方法 以产CMY型AmpC酶的弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌30、31号总基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增CMY基因,将其克隆人pGEM-T载体后测定该核苷酸序列.30、31号菌与受体菌进行质粒接合实验,构建pBV220-CMY重组表达载体.对原菌株和重组菌株进行AmpC酶检测.结果 PCR扩增出大小为1146 bp的基因片段,与GenBank上多种CMY亚型的基因序列同源性为97%.质粒接合实验证实质粒上含CMY基因,为可转移质粒.三维实验结果显示30、31号菌和重组菌株所产的酶均能水解头孢西丁.结论 30、31号菌所产的CMY型AmpC酶为CMY新基因亚型.成功构建重组表达载体pBV220-CMY,为下一步酶的表达和纯化提供了依据.     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性与AmpC耐药基因的研究

目的了解我院临床分离的60株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（multi-drug resistant Acinetobater baumannii,MDRAB）的耐药性和AmpC耐药基因的存在状况。方法采用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定仪检测鲍曼不动杆菌对18种抗生素的药敏结果,对该细菌进行总DNA的提取,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测耐药基因,结合药物敏感试验分析菌株的耐药特征。结果检出结构基因ampC型49株,占81.7%;blaADC基因型50株,占83%;ACT基因型2株;41株菌同时携带blaADC和ampC结构基因,占68%;2株同时携带blaADC、ACT和ampC结构基因;未检测到其它AmpC耐药基因（MOX、CIT、FOX、DHA）。携带AmpC耐药基因的菌株耐药率高,特别是对头孢曲松、氨苄西林、头孢替坦、头孢唑啉、呋喃妥因的耐药率已接近或达到100%,而对于丁胺卡那霉素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,分别为5%和20%。结论多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的blaADC耐药基因和ampC结构基因同时携带率高,并且是鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的主要原因。     

血流感染病原菌AmpC酶及相关耐药机制的初步研究

目的了解血流感染病原菌中产AmpCβ-内酰胺酶（简称AmpC酶）菌株的分布情况和临床病例特点,并对相关基因ampC和ampD进行初步研究。方法收集2006年1月-2008年9月血流感染革兰阴性菌181株,分别采用头孢西丁初筛试验和三维试验筛选产AmpC酶菌株和高产AmpC酶菌株;对初筛试验阳性相关临床病例进行回顾性分析。同时对初筛试验阳性菌株ampC、ampD基因PCR扩增、测序和比对,Rep—PCR分析ampC阳性菌株基因型。结果181株病原菌中头孢西丁初筛试验法检出产AmpC酶39株,概率为21．5％（39／181）;三维试验法检出高产AmpC酶菌株的概率为43．6％（17／39）。PCR结果显示ampC和ampD基因阳性率分别为41％（16／39）和56．4％（22／39）。对16株ampC阳性菌进行基因测序,与GenBaak相应ampC核酸序列比对发现同源性达98％～100％;2株阴沟肠杆菌ampD基因的测序发现在ampD基因羧基端存在可疑的突变位点。结论本研究相关败血症患者血流耐药病原菌感染主要源自院内感染。在产AmpC酶的血流病原菌中,ampC基因突变比较少见,而阴沟肠杆菌ampD基因突变发生率比较高,且ampD蛋白羧基末端氨基酸的缺失或替代可能与AmpC酶去阻遏表达高度相关。     

96株大肠埃希菌耐药性及其产ESBLs、AmpC酶菌株基因型检测

目的 了解大肠埃希菌耐药现状及其及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和AmpCβ-内酰胺酶（AmpC酶）菌株基因型,以指导临床医师合理使用抗菌药物。方法自本院尿路感染患者标本中分离大肠埃希菌96株,采用确证试验和改良三维试验检测其ESBLs、AmpC酶表达情况,用K-B法测定其对亚胺培南等16种抗菌药物的敏感性,用PCR法检测TEM、SHV、PER、CTX-M-1群、CTX-M-2群、CTX—M-3群、DHA和ACT-1基因型分布情况,用接合转移试验了解耐药基因转移方式。结果96株大肠埃希菌单产ESBLs30株,同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶4株,单产AmpC酶2株;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟四种抗生素耐药率达到100％,而对左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明和呋喃妥因的耐药率亦〉80％,对亚胺培南和美罗培南均敏感;ESBLs基因型以CTX—M和TEM型为主,AmpC酶基因为DHA型,两酶能通过接合转移方式将质粒携带的耐药性传递至受体菌。结论大肠埃希菌所致感染对碳青霉烯类药物较为敏感;临床应及时了解本地区产ESBLs、AmpC酶大肠埃希菌的耐药表型和基因型,以指导临床合理使用抗生素、延缓细菌耐药性产生、控制耐药菌株播散和流行。     

Characterization of plasmids encoding CMY-2 AmpC β-lactamases from Escherichia coli in Canadian intensive care units

The dissemination of CMY-2 AmpC β-lactamases among Escherichia coli in Canadian intensive care units occurs through a combination of clonal spread of virulent strains and the horizontal transfer of genetically similar IncI1, IncA/C, and IncK/B plasmids.