后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸

【摘要】 目的：评价经后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙矫形治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸畸形的安全性和早期临床效果。方法：2014年5月~2016年12月对我院15例青少年重度脊柱侧后凸患者行经后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙手术治疗,术前仅1例严重脊柱侧后凸患者行头盆环牵引。男6例,女9例,年龄13～18岁（16.1±1.6岁）。其中先天性脊柱侧后凸3例,特发性11例,神经纤维瘤病性1例。术前侧凸Cobb角82°～144°（102.5°±17.6°）,侧凸的柔韧性为6.4％～28.5％[（21.56±5.70）%];后凸50°～95°（68.1°±15.3°）,冠状位躯干偏移距离（C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离）2.0～6.8cm（3.40±1.37cm）。术前四肢肌力及感觉均正常。观察治疗效果。结果：椎板楔形截骨5.20±0.56个（4~6个）,松解椎间隙5.20±0.56个（4~6个）,手术时间6.1～7.9h（7.00±0.51h）,术中出血量1050～2500ml（1450.0±521.3ml）。术后侧凸Cobb角18°～40°（28.0°±6.6°）,矫正率72.5%;后凸22°～42°（27.8°±6.1°）,矫正率58.4%;冠状位躯干偏移距离0～2cm（0.85±0.74cm）,矫正率72.8%。随访25～41个月（33.1±5.4个月）。末次随访时侧凸Cobb角19°～43°（30.0°±6.9°）,矫正率70.6%;后凸22°～42°（28.6°±6.5°）,矫正率57.2%;冠状位躯干偏移距离0.2～2.3cm（1.10±0.72cm）,矫正率71.3%。无胸膜破裂,无假关节形成,无内固定断裂及松动,矫正度无显著丢失。1例患者术前骨盆牵引发生钉道感染,经局部换药及抗生素应用,2周后感染控制;1例术后第3天发生十二指肠系膜上动脉综合征,采取禁食水、持续胃肠减压、维持水电解质平衡、左侧卧位,术后2周痊愈;1例T4左侧椎弓根螺钉侵入椎管压迫神经,术后5h发生左下肢不完全性瘫痪,术后8h去除T4左侧椎弓根螺钉,术后5个月左下肢功能完全恢复。结论：采用后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸畸形,不需要剥离椎体侧方胸膜,手术解剖层次表浅和创伤小,不仅有助于增加脊柱柔韧性,而且可提供足够的压缩和闭合空间来矫正脊柱侧后凸,能获得良好的脊柱三维矫正。     

“It’s a tool,not a cure”: the preoperative teen perspective on bariatric surgery

BackgroundBariatric surgery is well established in adults as the most effective tool for sustained weight loss and reduction of obesity-related co-morbidities, and is an emerging option for adolescents in whom conservative approaches have failed. Narratives are vital in understanding the motivating reasons and psychosocial profiles of adolescents considering bariatric surgery during a developmental period of evolving self-concept, body image sensitivity, peer pressure, and increased opportunity for risky behaviors.ObjectivesTo explore preoperative adolescent patient perspectives on their decision to pursue bariatric surgery, anticipated physical and psychosocial effects, and preparation process.SettingsThe Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.MethodsWe conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with adolescents (16–18 yr old) 2–4 months before bariatric surgery. A theoretical thematic analysis was conducted with 3 independent reviewers (interrater reliability, Cronbach’s α= .81) and conflicts were resolved through discussion.ResultsPatients’ perspectives are captured in 4 themes: motivation for surgery, effects on health and habits, psychosocial changes, and support systems during preparation. Participants perceived surgery as a tool but not a solution for weight loss. Most were motivated for health and daily functional improvement rather than aesthetic reasons, and some anticipated improved social interactions while maintaining their self-identity. Participants were selective in sharing news of their surgery, and received varying levels of support from families, friends, and healthcare teams.ConclusionAdolescents seem generally prepared for and informed about surgery, with expectations for weight loss and psychosocial improvements, although uncertainty and contradictory thoughts were prevalent. Insights provided by these adolescent patients will help optimize bariatric surgery assessments and support from clinical teams and inform preoperative education for future patients and families.     

侧后路椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的早期疗效观察

目的探讨经皮侧后路椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法 2010年2月~2011年7月,我院收治的12例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者接受了经皮侧后路椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术治疗并获得随访。其中男8例,女4例;年龄12~20岁,平均14.6岁。比较手术前后Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI)、下肢疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)及术后12个月时Macnab评分对临床疗效进行分析。结果 12例患者均获得随访,随访时间17~30个月,平均21.3个月。术后1周、3个月,6个月,12个月及末次随访时ODI指数、下肢疼痛VAS评分与术前相比均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。按照Macnab评分标准,术后12个月时,优7例,良4例,可1例,优良率为91.7%(11/12)。结论经皮侧后路椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术治疗青少年腰椎间盘突出症短期内能取得满意的临床疗效,其长期疗效及安全性有待进一步研究。     

舍曲林治疗青少年抑郁症的开放性研究

目的探讨舍曲林治疗青少年抑郁症的临床疗效和安全性。方法对36例符合《中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准》第3版（CCMD-3）抑郁症诊断标准的青少年患者进行为期8w的开放性舍曲林治疗，以汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和临床疗效总评量表（CGI）为评估临床疗效的工具。结果36例患者全部完成研究．所用舍曲林的平均剂量为66.3±7．8mg／d，在治疗结束时，HAMD和CGI得分较治疗前明显改善。副反应主要为过度镇静、恶心、腹泻。结论舍曲林治疗青少年抑郁症安全、有效。     

1990—2010年中国女性早婚和生育的地区不平等性

目的 分析1990—2010年中国15~19岁女性青少年结婚和生育的地区不平等性。方法 利用1990—2010年三次全国人口普查汇总数据,计算中国15~19岁女性青少年的已婚率和生育率。将各省份人均国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)作为社会经济发展水平指标,计算女性青少年已婚率和生育率的不平等绝对指数(slope index of inequality,SII)和集中指数(concentration index,CI),并建立线性回归模型衡量已婚率和生育率与人均GDP的关联。结果 1990—2000年,全国15~19岁女性的已婚率从4.7%下降至1.2%,但在2010年反弹至2.1%。生育率从1990年的22.0/1 000人下降至2000年的6.0/1 000人,2010年进一步下降为5.9/1 000人。1990年,15~19岁女性青少年已婚率和生育率地区层面的社会经济不平等性不具有统计学意义(SII和CI均P>0.05)。SII分析显示,2000和2010年,人均GDP最低人群的已婚率比最高人群分别高2.4%(95%CI:0.4~4.4)和2.3%(95%CI:0.3~4.2)。与此同时, 2000年和2010年人均GDP最低人群的生育率比最高人群分别高12.9/1 000人(95%CI:5.4~20.5)和9.3/1 000人(95%CI:4.6~14.0)。已婚的CI值在2000年和2010年分别为-0.32(P=0.02)和-0.17(P=0.03), 生育的CI值在2000年和2010年分别为-0.37(P<0.01)和-0.26(P<0.01)。2000年,人均GDP上升100%,已婚率平均下降1.4%(95%CI:0.1~2.7),生育率平均下降7.9/1 000人(95%CI:2.9~12.8)。2010年,人均GDP上升100%,已婚率平均下降1.5%(95%CI:0.1~2.9),生育率平均下降6.7/1 000人(95%CI:3.2~10.1)。结论 2000年和2010年存在女性青少年早婚早育地区层面的社会经济不平等性,生活在经济发展水平较低的女性青少年更容易早婚早育;减少收入不公平、增加对贫困地区的教育投资可能是改善早婚早育地区不平等的有效措施。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧弯胸腰椎生理曲度的影像学研究

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)胸腰椎生理曲度变化情况以及不同类型侧弯之间胸腰椎生理曲度的差异。方法:自2017年1月至2021年12月回顾性分析305例脊柱全长正侧位X线片的青少年患者,根据有无侧弯分为正常组和侧弯组。正常组179例,男79例,女100例;年龄10~18(12.84±2.10)岁。侧弯组126例,男33例,女93例;年龄10~18(13.92±2.20)岁。观察并比较两组Risser征、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)与腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL),并分析比较不同性别、不同程度侧弯与不同节段侧弯TK值与LL值。结果:侧弯组在女性比率(P=0.001)、年龄(P<0.001)方面均明显高于正常组;Risser征方面,正常组低级别骨化程度比率明显高于侧弯组(P=0.038)。侧弯组TK值明显小于正常组(P<0.001),而两组LL值比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.147)。男性与女性之间比较,TK值与LL值差异无统计学意义。轻度侧弯TK值明显大于中度侧弯(P<0.05),但LL值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同节段侧弯之间TK值与LL值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:胸椎与腰椎生理曲度均与性别无关;AIS患者胸椎生理曲度变小,但是腰椎生理曲度基本不变。轻度AIS患者的胸椎生理曲度大于中度AIS患者,但是腰椎生理曲度在轻中度患者之间几乎无差异,且与正常青少年相似。AIS患者胸腰椎生理曲度变化可能与脊柱前柱相对生长过快有关,其具体机制有待进一步研究。     

Multisystemic Treatment of Substance-Abusing and -Dependent Delinquents: Outcomes,Treatment Fidelity,and Transportability

The effectiveness and transportability of multisystemic therapy (MST) were examined in a study that included 118 juvenile offenders meeting DSM-III-R criteria for substance abuse or dependence and their families. Participants were randomly assigned to receive MST versus usual community services. Outcome measures assessed drug use, criminal activity, and days in out-of-home placement at posttreatment (T2) and at a 6-month posttreatment follow-up (T3); also treatment adherence was examined from multiple perspectives (i.e., caregiver, youth, and therapist). MST reduced alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use at T2 and total days in out-of-home placement by 50% at T3. Reductions in criminal activity, however, were not as large as have been obtained previously for MST. Examination of treatment adherence measures suggests that the modest results of MST were due, at least in part, to difficulty in transporting this complex treatment model from the direct control of its developers. Increased emphasis on quality assurance mechanisms to enhance treatment fidelity may help overcome barriers to transportability.     

Book Review: Adolescents, Alcohol and Substance Abuse: Reaching Teens Through Brief Interventions. Edited by Peter M. Monti, Suzanne M. Colby, and Tracy A. O'Leary, New York, The Guilford Press, 2001, 350 pp., ISBN 1-57230-658-0 (Hardback)

The book reviewed in this article discusses the use of brief interventions in the treatment of adolescent substance abuse. Topics covered include the developmental context within which adolescent substance use occurs, the use of the harm reduction approach to reduce substance use, current assessment instruments, and the role of cognitive and genetic factors in the etiology of substance abuse. Examples of specific brief interventions with adolescents are described and possible avenues for future transdisciplinary research are explored. This expansive sourcebook will be of value to clinicians and academicians alike.