HIV treatment outcomes among people who acquired HIV via injecting drug use in the Asia‐Pacific region: a longitudinal cohort study

INTRODUCTIONData on HIV treatment outcomes in people who inject drugs (PWID) in the Asia‐Pacific are sparse despite the high burden of drug use. We assessed immunological and virological responses, AIDS‐defining events and mortality among PWID receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).METHODSWe investigated HIV treatment outcomes among people who acquired HIV via injecting drug use in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) between January 2003 and March 2019. Trends in CD4 count and viral suppression (VS, HIV viral load <1000 copies/mL) were assessed. Factors associated with mean CD4 changes were analysed using repeated measures linear regression, and combined AIDS event and mortality were analysed using survival analysis.RESULTSOf 622 PWID from 12 countries in the Asia‐Pacific, 93% were male and the median age at ART initiation was 31 years (IQR, 28 to 34). The median pre‐ART CD4 count was 71 cells/µL. CD4 counts increased over time, with a mean difference of 401 (95% CI, 372 to 457) cells/µL at year‐10 (n = 78). Higher follow‐up HIV viral load and pre‐ART CD4 counts were associated with smaller increases in CD4 counts. Among 361 PWID with ≥1 viral load after six months on ART, proportions with VS were 82%, 88% and 93% at 2‐, 5‐ and 10‐years following ART initiation. There were 52 new AIDS‐defining events and 50 deaths during 3347 person‐years of follow‐up (PYS) (incidence 3.05/100 PYS, 95% CI, 2.51 to 3.70). Previous AIDS or TB diagnosis, lower current CD4 count and adherence <95% were associated with combined new AIDS‐defining event and death.CONCLUSIONSDespite improved outcomes over time, our findings highlight the need for rapid ART initiation and adherence support among PWID within Asian settings.     

Analgesic Effects of Ultrasound‐Guided Iliohypogastric/Ilioinguinal Nerve Block Combined with Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block in Total Hip Arthroplasty via Direct Anterior Approach: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of the combination of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve blocks (LFCNB) and iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal nerve blocks (IHINB) on postoperative pain and functional outcomes after total hip arthroplasty (THA) via the direct anterior approach (DAA).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, patients undergoing THA via the DAA between January 2019 and November 2019 were stratified into two groups based on their date of admission. Sixty‐seven patients received LFCNB and IHINB along with periarticular infiltration analgesia (PIA) (nerve block group), and 75 patients received PIA alone (control group). The outcomes included postoperative morphine consumption, postoperative pain assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS), the QoR‐15 score, and functional recovery measured as quadriceps strength, time to first straight leg rise, daily ambulation distance, and duration of hospitalization. The Oxford hip score and the UCLA activity level rating were assessed at 1 and 3 months after surgery. In addition, postoperative complications were recorded. Patients were also compared based on the type of incision used during surgery (traditional longitudinal or “bikini” incision).ResultsPatients in the nerve block group showed significantly lower postoperative morphine consumption, lower resting VAS scores within 12 h postoperatively, lower VAS scores during motion within 24 h postoperatively, and better QoR‐15 scores on postoperative day 1. These patients also showed significantly better functional recovery during hospitalization. At 1‐month and 3‐month outpatient follow up, the two groups showed no significant differences in Oxford hip score or UCLA activity level rating. There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative complications. Similar results were observed when patients were stratified by type of incision, except that the duration of hospitalization was similar.ConclusionCompared to PIA alone, a combination of LFCNB and IHINB along with PIA can improve early pain relief, reduce morphine consumption, and accelerate functional recovery, without increasing complications after THA via the DAA.     

观察脊柱脊髓损伤不同时间段手术的术后神经功能恢复情况

目的对脊髓损伤患者不同时间段尽早急诊手术的术后神经功能康复情况进行观察。方法选取35例脊柱脊髓损伤并进行创伤外科急诊手术治疗患者的临床资料,进行统计并分析比较其不同时间段进行手术,术后的神经功能康复情况。结果 35例患者术后神经功能恢复均较术前明显好转,8小时手术的患者神经功能康复较8小时的患者好,越早进行手术的患者神经功能康复越好,所有患者术后的脊髓功能ASIA评分(针刺觉评分、轻触觉评分、运动评分)均较术前提高,且时间越早手术的术后ASIA评分提高值就越高,与术前、不同时间段之间比较P0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论对于脊髓损伤的患者需加快其院外及院内的抢救,以最大限度降低患者的损伤,提高其术后神经功能康复力。     

基于ERAS理念的HAPA模型健康教育在肝切除术中的应用效果

目的 探讨基于加速康复外科（ERAS）理念的健康行动过程取向（HAPA）模型健康教育在肝切除术中的应用效果。方法 选取2020年1月至2022年6月在湖北省荆州市第一人民医院行肝切除术的患者90例,按照随机数字表法,分为干预组和对照组,每组45例。对照组给予常规健康教育,干预组给予基于ERAS理念的HAPA模型健康教育,比较两组患者术后身体体征恢复情况、自我效能感、健康行为、自我管理能力差异。结果 干预组患者首次活动时间为（23.87±4.32）min、首次进食时间为（9.87±2.67）h、首次通气时间为（45.28±4.32）min、引流管拔管时间为（22.45±4.25）h、住院时间为（10.53±2.85）d,均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;干预后,干预组患者自我效能感量表、健康促进生活方式量表Ⅱ、成年人健康自我管理能力测评量表评分均高于对照组,且干预前后各指标差值比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 肝切除术患者采用基于ERAS理念的HAPA模型健康教育干预,能够提高术后身体体征恢复效率,改善患者自我效能感、健康行为及自我管理能力。     

经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术对心脏自主神经活动的影响

目的：观察经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）后心率变异（ＨＲＶ）的变化,探讨ＰＴＣＡ和ＨＲＶ的影响。方法：ＰＴＣＡ患者１２０例,２４ｈ动态心电图（ＤＣＧ）记录ＰＴＣＡ术前１周、术后１周、术后６个月的心电信息并进行ＨＲＶ分析。结果：ＰＴＣＡ术后６个月ＨＲＶ指标中的２４ＲＲ间期标准差（ＳＤＮＮ（和高频段的功率谱密度（ＨＦＰ）较术前明显增高（Ｐ分别不小于０．０５及０．０１）;ＰＴＣＡ术后冠状动脉再狭窄患     

Analysis of Drug/Plasma Protein Interactions by Means of Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation

Purpose. The applicability of Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (Asymmetrical Flow FFF) as an alternative tool to examine the distribution of a lipophilic drug (N-Benzoyl-staurosporine) within human plasma protein fractions was investigated with respect to high separation speed and loss of material on surfaces due to adsorption. Methods. Field-Flow Fractionation is defined as a group of pseudo-chromatographic separation methods, where compounds are separated under the influence of an externally applied force based on differences in their physicochemical properties. This method was used to separate human plasma in its protein fractions. The drug distribution in the fractions was investigated by monitoring the fractionated eluate for drug content by fluorescence spectroscopy. Results. Human plasma was separated into human serum albumin (HSA), high density lipoprotein (HDL), ₂-macroglobulin and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions in less than ten minutes. Calibration of the system and identification of the individual fractions was performed using commercially available protein reference standards. The influence of membrane type and carrier solution composition on the absolute recovery of N-Benzoyl-staurosporine and fluorescein-isothio-cyanate-albumin (FITC-albumin) was found to be quite significant. Both factors were optimized during the course of the investigations. N-Benzoyl-staurosporine was found to be enriched in the fraction containing HSA. Conclusions. If experimental conditions are thoroughly selected and controlled to suppress drug and plasma protein adsorption at the separation membrane, Asymmetrical Flow FFF shows high recoveries and fast separation of human plasma proteins, and can be a reliable tool to characterize drug / plasma protein interactions. For analytical purposes it has the potential to rival established technologies like ultracentrifugation in terms of ease-of-use, precision, and separation time.     

A review of recovery from sevoflurane anaesthesia: comparisons with isoflurane and propofol including meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane has a lower blood:gas partition coefficient than isoflurane and thus should be associated with a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. METHODS: A review and meta-analysis were employed to examine the recovery profiles of adult patients following anaesthesia, comparing sevoflurane to isoflurane and sevoflurane to propofol. RESULTS: There were significant differences in times to several recovery events that favoured sevoflurane to isoflurane anaesthesia, including time to emergence, response to commands, extubation, and orientation. Likewise, there were significant differences in times to the same recovery events following anaesthesia with sevoflurane versus propofol. There were no differences in time to recovery room discharge when comparing sevoflurane to isoflurane or propofol. CONCLUSION: The observed differences between sevoflurane and isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia support the postulate that the use of sevoflurane is associated with a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia than either isoflurane or propofol.     

Vascular depression: a new view of late-onset depression

We have suggested that cerebrovascular disease may predispose, precipitate, or perpetuate some late-life depressive syndromes. The mechanisms of "vascular depression" include disruption of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical (CSPTC) pathways or their modulating systems. This view is supported by the presentation of vascular depression, which consists of depressive symptoms, cognitive abnormalities, as well as neuroimaging findings that may result from CSPTC impairment. Moreover, clinical and electrophysiological evidence of CSPTC impairment, an abnormality frequently found in patients with vascular depression, appears to be associated with poor response to antidepressant treatment and early relapse and recurrence. The vascular depression hypothesis provides the conceptual background for studies that may have clinical and theoretical impact. Agents influencing dopamine, acetylcholine, and opioid neurotransmitters may be studied in vascular depression, since these are essential neurotransmitters of the frontostriatal circuitry. Drugs used for prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular disease may be shown to reduce the risk for vascular depression or improve its outcomes. The choice of antidepressants in vascular depression may depend on their effect on neurological recovery from ischemic lesions. Finally, identification of specific relationships between specific symptoms, cognitive deficits, and disability may lead to interventions that target the patients' deficits as well as their interactions with psychosocial factors known to contribute to depression. Research can clarify the pathways to vascular depression by focusing on the site of lesion, the resultant brain dysfunction, the presentation of depression and time of onset, and the contribution of nonbiological factors.