Olfactory-learning abilities are correlated with the rate by which intrinsic neuronal excitability is modulated in the piriform cortex

Long-lasting modulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability in cortical neurons underlies distinct stages of skill learning. However, whether individual differences in learning capabilities are dependent on the rate by which such learning-induced modifications occur has yet to be explored. Here we show that training rats in a simple olfactory-discrimination task results in the same enhanced excitability in piriform cortex neurons as previously shown after training in a much more complex olfactory-discrimination task. Based on their learning capabilities in the simple task, rats could be divided to two groups: fast performers and slow performers. The rate at which rats accomplished the skill to perform the simple task was correlated with the time course at which piriform cortex neurons increased their repetitive spike firing. Twelve hours after learning, neurons from fast performers had reduced spike frequency adaptation as compared with neurons from slow performers and controls. Three days after learning, spike frequency adaptation was reduced in neurons from SP, while neurons from fast performers increased their spike firing adaptation to the level of controls. Accordingly, the post-burst AHP was reduced in neurons from fast performers 12 h after learning and in neurons from slow performers 3 days after learning. Moreover, the differences in learning capabilities between fast performers and slow performers were maintained when examined in a different, complex olfactory-discrimination task. We suggest that the rate at which neuronal excitability is modified during learning may affect the behavioral flexibility of the animal.     

“五行体质”的决策评估模式

《内经》运用阴阳五行学说,将人划分为木、火、土、金、水五种形态之人,其判断方法是依据人的体型,心理特征,体质特点及中医诊断角度等来分类。目前中医在五行体质学说的分类上,虽有一些评估工具,但是在客观及准确度尚有改善的空间,因此如何建立一个更有效客观及准确的评估模式,是建立中医科学化的重要基础,为解决中医师们在个人主客观不一且缺乏一致性的缺点,利用修正式德菲法（Modified Delphi Method）及层级分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP）来协助决策评估者建立准确的决策评估模式,可以较系统化且准确的判断出＂五行体质＂的倾向。     

大鼠硒性白内障动物模型制备效果评价指标体系的研究

目的在大鼠硒性白内障动物模型制备情况的基础上,结合评价指标体系建立原则,综合人类疾病动物模型的复制原则,设计出一套大鼠硒性白内障动物模型制备效果评价指标体系。方法通过文献调研,搜集了评价大鼠硒性白内障动物模型制备效果的26个调研指标。根据调研结果,针对大鼠硒性白内障动物模型制备过程中影响其效果的各种因素,耦合德尔菲法和层次分析法,建立了大鼠硒性白内障动物模型制备效果评价指标体系和模型。结果通过实证,确认该评价体系良好。结论本研究建立的评价指标体系清晰、简便,利于科研人员使用。     

Inflammation and inflammatory agents activate protein kinase C epsilon translocation and excite guinea-pig submucosal neurons

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Properties of enteric neurons are transformed by inflammation and protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are involved both in long-term changes in enteric neurons, and in transducing the effects of substances released during inflammation. We investigated roles of PKCepsilon in submucosal neurons by studying translocation in response to inflammatory mediators, effects on neuron excitability, and the changes in PKCepsilon distribution in a trinitrobenzene sulphonate model of ileitis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical detection and analysis of association with membrane and cytosolic fractions, and Western blot analysis of cytosolic and particulate fractions were used to quantify translocation. Electrophysiology methods were used to measure effects on neuron excitability. RESULTS: All submucosal neurons were immunoreactive for the novel PKC, PKCepsilon, and direct PKC activators, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate, and the PKCepsilon-specific activator, transactivator of transduction-Psiepsilon receptor for activated C kinase, all caused PKCepsilon translocation from cytoplasm to surfaces of the neurons. Electrophysiologic studies showed that the stimulant of novel PKCs, ingenol (1 micromol/L), increased excitability of all neurons. Stimulation of protease-activated receptors caused PKCepsilon translocation selectively in vasoactive intestinal peptide secretomotor neurons, whereas a neurokinin 3 tachykinin receptor agonist caused translocation in neuropeptide Y and calretinin neurons. In all cases translocation was reduced significantly by a PKCepsilon-specific translocation inhibitor peptide. Increased PKCepsilon at the plasma membrane occurred in all neurons 6-7 days after an inflammatory stimulus. CONCLUSIONS: Major targets for PKCepsilon include ion channels near the plasma membrane. PKCepsilon is likely to have a significant role in controlling the excitability of submucosal neurons and is probably an intermediate in causing hyperexcitability after inflammation.     

Action potential throughput in aged rat hippocampal neurons: regulation by selective forms of hyperpolarization

At hippocampal synapses, repetitive synaptic stimulation (RSS) in the theta frequency range (3–12 Hz) is associated with robust EPSP frequency facilitation (FF) and consequently, enhanced action potential (spike) generation and throughput. A complex, synaptically induced hyperpolarization (SIHP) is also triggered by synaptic activation, and a Ca²⁺-dependent afterhyperpolarization (AHP) is triggered above spike threshold. With aging, the AHP is increased and impairs intracellular spike generation, at least in accommodation protocols. However, little is known about how these aging changes interact to affect spike generation at physiological frequencies of RSS, or if the SIHP also is modified in aging. Here we performed the first tests of the net impact of these excitatory and inhibitory aging changes on spike generation during RSS. We report that during RSS at spike threshold (1) spike throughput is well sustained at theta frequencies in young and aged neurons; (2) an interposed AHP dampens spike generation, particularly in aged neurons and at higher frequencies; (3) compared to the AHP, the SIHP does not exert an equivalent inhibitory effect on spike throughput; and (4) in contrast to the AHP, the SIHP is reduced with aging. Together, these results are consistent with a model in which the source of the hyperpolarization is important in determining hippocampal spike throughput within the theta frequency range.     

基于层次分析法的国家基本药物遴选

目的;探讨国家基本药物的遴选方法。方法：采用层次分析法优化遴选方法。结果：目前我国基本药物目录的遘选评价体系存在内在缺陷,通过应用层次分析法减少《国家基本药物目录》,增强遴选方法的可操作性。结论：优化国家基本药物遴选方法,完善国家基本药物制度。     

64家示范候选企业职业危害监测预警能力分析

目的通过综合分析我国职业卫生示范候选企业的职业危害监测预警能力,总结经验,为建立我国高危职业危害监测预警指标和模型提供技术参考。方法从《国家职业卫生示范企业评选标准》中提炼出39项有关职业危害监测预警能力的指标,分别归类为直接预警能力、间接预警能力和协调预警能力,采用层次分析方法计算指标的组合权重系数,建立企业职业危害监测预警能力评价体系和模型;而后,对2006年64家国家职业卫生示范候选企业的职业危害监测预警能力进行了综合评分,满分为100分;并比较分析了不同评选结果、不同地区、不同行业和规模企业预警能力的差异。结果64家企业预警能力综合评分平均为90.9±7.9,其中东部地区企业的评分较高,中部地区企业的评分较低;不同行业和规模示范候选企业的预警能力没有差异;预警能力评分较差的前5项指标分别是职业病危害告知、高毒作业红色警示线设置、产生职业病危害设备警示标识设置、作业场所监测结果公示、作业场所定期检测评价。结论通过加强领导,企业重视职业病防治工作,不同行业、不同规模的企业能在职业危害监测预警能力建设上取得同样的效果;要加强中部地区企业职业危害监测预警工作。     

模糊数学综合评判法应用于护理诊断的探讨

在总结诊断依据体系及制订指标体系理想值的基础上，运用模糊数学的有关原理进行综合评判，以验证护理诊断的正确性，并通过临床实例加以对比分析。认为该评判法具有逻辑性强、系统性高、重点突出、简便易行的特点。     

应用AHP技术自动测量颈动脉内-中膜厚度的临床研究

目的探讨超声动脉健康评估软件包（AHP）测量颈动脉内-中膜厚度（CIMT）的临床应用价值。方法应用超声动脉健康评估软件自动测量238名健康人的颈总动脉、窦部和颈内动脉的内-中膜厚度和血管年龄,同时进行手动测量,对不同年龄组的测量值进行比较分析。结果不同部位的CIMT不同（窦部〉颈总动脉〉颈内动脉,P〈0.05）。年龄大于60岁组的CIMT明显高于年龄小于60岁的CIMT（P〈0.05）。随着CIMT的增厚,血管年龄亦增大（P〈0.05）。血管年龄随着年龄增大而增大（P〈0.05）,但小于实际年龄（P〈0.05）。自动测量值要明显小于手动测量值（P〈0.05）。结论 AHP能方便准确地测量CIMT,具有应用于临床评估动脉粥样硬化的潜力。     

Effects of ZD7288 on firing pattern of thermosensitive neurons isolated from hypothalamus

The role of the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) mediated by HCN channels in temperature sensing by the hypothalamus was addressed. In warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs), exposure to ZD7288, an inhibitor of Ih mediated by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, decreased their action potential amplitudes and frequencies significantly. By contrast, ZD7288 had little or no effect on temperature-insensitive neurons (TINs). Exposure of WSNs to ZD7288 led to a significant increase in the duration of the inter-spike interval and a reduction of Ih irreversibly. These results suggest that ZD7288 have the contrasting effects on the firing patterns of WSNs versus TINs, which implies HCN channels play a central role in temperature sensing by hypothalamic neurons.