探讨城市社区公共卫生服务作业

文章旨在探讨城市社区公共卫生服务ABC/M中的作业概念,详细介绍了公共卫生服务作业定义、作业分析及作业界定原则.文章认为,ABC/M的作业概念有助于社区卫生服务机构改善内部管理和成本信息质量,提高公共卫生服务产品的供给能力和公共卫生资金使用效益.     

软骨素酶ABC促进大鼠脊髓损伤后轴突再生和功能恢复的初步研究

目的探讨软骨素酶ABC（ChABC）对大鼠脊髓横断损伤（SCI）后轴突再生和功能恢复的影响。方法SD大鼠随机分为实验组（SCI＋ChABC）,对照组（SCI＋NS）及正常组。采用T2-8脊髓完全横断模型,术后2周和10周脊髓标本分别行OBT、GFAP、NSE及NF免疫组化染色,术后1、2、3、4、5、6、8、10周进行行为学评分。结果行为学评分,术后3周实验组评分高于对照组（P〈0．05）,同时实验组疤痕中OBT和GFAP染色低于对照组（P〈0．05）,GFAP和NF染色高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论ChABC能有效降低损伤部位硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖（CSPGs）的活性,从而促进SCI大鼠感觉、运动功能的恢复和轴突的再生。     

Hormonal Regulation of Cerebellar Development and Plasticity

Cerebellar development and plasticity is involved in various epigenetic processes that activate specific genes at different time point. The epigenetic influences include humoral influences from endocrine cells of peripheral organs. A number of hormone receptors are expressed in cerebellum, and cerebellar function is greatly influenced by hormonal status. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that some of such substances are produced locally and affect through their specific hormone receptors. The aim of this special issue was to introduce several key features of hormones and their receptors to regulate cerebellar development and plasticity. The contribution covers thyroid/steroid hormone systems including orphan receptors and co-regulators, neurosteroids, and transporters. It also covers environmental signal that may affect cerebellar hormonal environment. Furthermore, several neuropeptides, which are initially found as neuroendocrine hormones but later identified as neurotransmitters that play an important role in cerebellar function, are also covered.     

Intraspinal microinjection of chondroitinase ABC following injury promotes axonal regeneration out of a peripheral nerve graft bridge

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) within the glial scar formed after central nervous system (CNS) injury are thought to play a crucial role in regenerative failure. We previously showed that delivery of the CSPG-digesting enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) via an osmotic minipump allowed axonal regeneration and functional recovery in a peripheral nerve graft (PNG)-bridging model. In this study, we sought to overcome the technical limitations associated with minipumps by microinjecting ChABC directly into the distal lesion site in the PN bridging model. Microinjection of ChABC immediately rostral and caudal to an injury site resulted in extensive CSPG digestion. We also demonstrate that this delivery technique is relatively atraumatic and does not result in a noticeable inflammatory response. Importantly, microinjections of ChABC into the lesion site permitted more regenerating axons to exit a PNG and reenter spinal cord tissue than saline injections. These results are similar to our previous findings when ChABC was delivered via a minipump and suggest that microinjecting ChABC is an effective method of delivering the potentially therapeutic enzyme directly to an injury site.     

Cortical and subcortical plasticity in the brains of humans, primates, and rats after damage to sensory afferents in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

The failure of injured axons to regenerate following spinal cord injury deprives brain neurons of their normal sources of activation. These injuries also result in the reorganization of affected areas of the central nervous system that is thought to drive both the ensuing recovery of function and the formation of maladaptive neuronal circuitry. Better understanding of the physiological consequences of novel synaptic connections produced by injury and the mechanisms that control their formation are important to the development of new successful strategies for the treatment of patients with spinal cord injuries. Here we discuss the anatomical, physiological and behavioral changes that take place in response to injury-induced plasticity after damage to the dorsal column pathway in rats and monkeys. Complete section of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord at a high cervical level in monkeys and rats interrupts the ascending axon branches of low threshold mechanoreceptor afferents subserving the forelimb and the rest of the lower body. Such lesions render the corresponding part of the somatotopic representation of primary somatosensory cortex totally unresponsive to tactile stimuli. There are also behavioral consequences of the sensory loss, including an impaired use of the hand/forelimb in manipulating small objects. In monkeys, if some of the afferents from the hand remain intact after dorsal column lesions, these remaining afferents extensively reactivate portions of somatosensory cortex formerly representing the hand. This functional reorganization develops over a postoperative period of 1 month, during which hand use rapidly improves. These recoveries appear to be mediated, at least in part, by the sprouting of preserved afferents within the cuneate nucleus of the dorsal column-trigeminal complex. In rats, such functional collateral sprouting has been promoted by the post-lesion digestion of the perineuronal net in the cuneate nucleus. Thus, this and other therapeutic strategies have the potential of enhancing sensorimotor recoveries after spinal cord injuries in humans.     

Functional studies on the activity of efflux transporters in an ex vivo model with chicken splenocytes and evaluation of selected fluoroquinolones in this model

The efflux proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp), BCRP and members of the MRP-family (MRPs) are increasingly recognized as determinants of the absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of numerous drugs. A widely applied in vitro screening method, to assess the effect of these efflux transporters in transmembrane transport of drugs is based on the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), in which the efflux of fluorescent dye Rhodamine 123 (Rh-123) can be easily measured. In avian species, the isolation of PBMCs is compromised by the presence of thrombocytes having approximately the same size. As an alternative, we validated the use of isolated splenocytes to assess Rhodamine 123 transport in the presence and absence of specific inhibitors for P-gp, MRPs and BCRP. Rh-123 efflux was concentration-dependent with the percentage of efflux that decreased with increasing concentrations. P-gp inhibitors, PSC833 and GF120918, significantly inhibit Rh-123 efflux, whereas inhibitors for MRPs and BCRP, MK571 and Ko-143, respectively, have a limited inhibitory effect. However, the effect of GF120918 was more pronounced as compared to PSC833, suggesting an additional role for BCRP next to P-gp in Rh-123 efflux. Moreover, fluoroquinolones were selected to test the applicability of the described model. None of these fluoroquinolones significantly inhibit P-gp function at concentrations up to 50 microM, with exception of danofloxacin and danofloxacin mesylate that were found to reduce Rh-123 efflux by approximately 15%.     

Physiological effects of food ingredients on intestinal epithelial cell function

Understanding the physiological effects of food ingredients on bodily functions is crucial for the development of foods for specified health use (FoSHU) and functional foods. To investigate this, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have been widely studied as they are most frequently exposed to the highest concentrations of food ingredients. Among the various functions of IECs, in this review, we have discussed glucose transporters and their involvement in preventing metabolic syndromes such as diabetes. Phytochemicals are also discussed, as they significantly inhibit glucose and fructose absorption via sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), respectively. Additionally, we have focused on the barrier functions of IECs against xenobiotics. Phytochemicals induce detoxification of metabolizing enzymes via pregnane X receptor or aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation, which suggests that food ingredients can enhance barrier function. This review will provide insights into the role of food ingredients and glucose transporters, as well as detoxification metabolizing enzymes in IECs, and help guide future research on these aspects.     

树鼠句膜转运蛋白ATP结合盒转运体A1cDNA和蛋白质结构分析及其组织表达

目的获得不易感动脉粥样硬化动物树鼠句的膜转运蛋白ATP结合盒转运体A1的cDNA和蛋白质序列,鉴定其组织分布,探讨其是否参与树鼠句独特的高密度脂蛋白代谢。方法以树鼠句肝脏mRNA反转录获得的cDNA一链为模板,应用SMART-RACE技术,获得树鼠句ATP结合盒转运体A1 cDNA序列并推导出其氨基酸序列,应用实时聚合酶链反应技术分析树鼠句ATP结合盒转运体A1 mRNA在各组织中的分布情况。结果获得的树鼠句ATP结合盒转运体A1 cDNA序列全长为7 762 bp,其中开放阅读框架6 786 bp,编码2 261个氨基酸的蛋白。该蛋白与人ATP结合盒转运体A1的长度相同,二者在氨基酸水平上高度同源(95%)。多组织表达谱显示树鼠句ATP结合盒转运体A1在多种组织中广泛表达,其中表达量最高的依次为肺脏、肝脏、肾脏和脾脏,这与人和小鼠ATP结合盒转运体A1在肝中高表达而在肺和脾中低表达的分布有很大差异。结论树鼠句ATP结合盒转运体A1组织表达谱的特点有可能增加其在体内的浓度和数量,从而可能间接增加高密度脂蛋白的合成。     

Type I secretion systems – a story of appendices

Secretion is an essential task for prokaryotic organisms to interact with their surrounding environment. In particular, the production of extracellular proteins and peptides is important for many aspects of an organism's survival and adaptation to its ecological niche. In Gram-negative bacteria, six different protein secretion systems have been identified so far, named Type I to Type VI; differing greatly in their composition and mechanism of action (Economou et al., 2006). The two membranes present in Gram-negative bacteria are negotiated either by one-step transport mechanisms (Type I and Type III), where the unfolded substrate is translocated directly into the extracellular space, without any periplasmic intermediates, or by two-step mechanisms (Type II and Type V), where the substrate is first transported into the periplasm to allow folding before a second transport step across the outer membrane occurs. Here we focus on Type I secretion systems and summarise our current knowledge of these one-step transport machineries with emphasis on the N-terminal extensions found in many Type I-specific ABC transporters. ABC transporters containing an N-terminal C39 peptidase domain cut off a leader peptide present in the substrate prior to secretion. The function of the second type of appendix, the C39 peptidase-like domain (CLD), is not yet completely understood. Recent results have shown that it is nonetheless essential for secretion and interacts specifically with the substrate of the transporter. The third group present does not contain any appendix. In light of this difference we compare the function of the appendix and the differences that might exist among the three families of T1SS.     

Genomic Analysis Reveals Distinct Subtypes in Two Rare Cases of Primary Ovarian Lymphoma

Primary (localized) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the ovary is extremely rare; only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We report two cases of primary ovarian lymphoma (POL), one involving bilateral ovaries in a 15-year-old girl and other involving one ovary in a 5-year-old girl. This report describes detailed clinical, histopathological, and imaging findings, along with the review of literature of primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) arising from an ovary. In addition, we describe findings of targeted capture panel sequencing on both tumors and identify the major genetic mutations that are recurrently mutated in pan-cancers. Compared to the genomic mutation features of major subtypes of DLBCL, we distinguish that each POL belongs to distinctive subtypes, GCB (germinal center B-cell subtype) DLBCL and ABC (activated B-cell subtype) DLBCL, respectively. The findings from the genomic analysis may help to understand the pathogenesis of POL and to guide potential targeted therapy in the future.