Quantification in crude homogenates of rat myocardial Na+, K+-and Ca2+-ATPase by K+ and Ca2+-dependent pNPPase. Age-dependent changes

Assays for complete quantification of Na⁺, K⁺-and Ca²⁺-ATPase in crude homogenates of rat ventricular myocardium by determination of K⁺-and Ca²⁺-dependentp-nitrophenyl phosphatase (pNPPase) activities were evaluated and optimized. Using these assays the total K⁺-and Ca²⁺-dependentpNPPase activities in ventricular myocardium of 11–12 week-old rats were found to be 2.98±0.10 and 0.29±0.02 mol×min^–1×g^–1 wet wt. (mean±SEM) (n=5), respectively. Coefficient of variance of interindividual determinations was 7 and 12%, respectively. The total Na⁺, K⁺-and Ca²⁺-ATPase concentrations were estimated to 2 and 10 nmol×g^–1 wet wt., respectively. Evaluation of a putative developmental variation revealed a biphasic age-related change in the rat myocardial Ca²⁺-dependentpNPPase activity with an increase from birth to around the third week of life followed by a decrease. By contrast, the K⁺-dependentpNPPase activity of the rat myocardium showed a decrease from birth to adulthood. It was excluded that the changes were simple out-come of variations in water and protein content of myocardium. Expressed per heart, the K⁺-and Ca²⁺-dependentpNPPase activity gradually increased to a plateau. The present assay for Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase quantification has the advantage over [³H] ouabain binding of being applicable on the ouabain-resistant rat myocardium, and is more simple and rapid than measurements of K⁺-dependent 3-0-methylfluorescein phosphatase (3-0-MFPase) in crude tissue homogenates. Furthermore, with few modifications thepNPPase assay allows quantification of Ca²⁺-ATPase on crude myocardial homogenates. Age-dependent changes in K⁺-and Ca²⁺-dependentpNPPase activities are of developmental interest and indicate the importance of close age match in studies of quantitative aspects of Na⁺, K⁺-and Ca²⁺-ATPase in excitable tissues.Abbreviations Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase sodium, potassium-dependent ATPase - Ca²⁺-ATPase caldium-dependent ATPase - pNP p-nitrophenyl - pNPP p-nitrophenyl phosphate - 3-0-MFP 3-0 methylfluorescein phosphate - DOC sodium deoxycholate     

Peroxynitrite induced decrease in Na^＋, K^＋-ATPase activity is restored by taurine

AIM: Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a powerful oxidant shown to damage membranes. In the present study, the effect of taurine on changes of liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase induced by ONOO- was investigated. METHODS: Liver plasma membrane was exposed to ONOO-with or without taurine. Na+, K+-ATPase activity and lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were measured. RESULTS: Different concentrations of ONOO- (100, 200, 500, and 1 000 μmol/L) were found to decrease liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activity significantly. The depletion of enzyme activity was not concentration dependent. Effects of different concentrations of taurine on liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activity were also measured. Taurine did not cause any increase in enzyme activity. When plasma membranes were treated with 200 μmol/L ONOO- with different concentrations of taurine, a restoring effect of taurine on enzyme activity was observed. TBARS levels were also measured and taurine was found to decrease the elevated values. CONCLUSION: Taurine is observed to act as an antioxidant of ONOO- to decrease lipid peroxidation and thus affect liver plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase by restoring its activity.     

Endoxin Antagonist Lessens Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate whether endoxin is one of important factors involved in myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MIR) injury, the change of myocardial endoxin level was determined in rats with MIR injury model and the effects of anti-digoxin antiserum (ADA), an endoxin specific antagonist, on MIR injury were studied. METHODS: MIR injury model was obtained by ligating left anterior descending coronary artery 30 min followed by 45 min reperfusion. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups of 10 rats, each. Sham group, MIR group, normal saline group, ADA 9, 18 and 36 mg.kg(-1). ECG was continuously recorded. After reperfusion left ventricular myocardium samples of ischemic area were processed immediately. Myocardial endoxin level, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase activities, and intramitochondrial Ca(2+) content were measured. RESULTS: Myocardial endoxin level was significantly increased; Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities were remarkably decreased; intramitochondrial Ca(2+) content was remarkably raised; ST segments of ECG were significantly elevated and occurrence and scores of ventricular arrhythmias were significantly increased in early stage of reperfusion in rats with MIR. In all groups with ADA, myocardial endoxin level was remarkably decreased; Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities were drastically increased; intramitochondrial Ca(2+) content was declined; ST segments and ventricular arrhythmias were improved. CONCLUSION: Myocardial endoxin level was increased in MIR, which implies that the elevated endoxin may be one of major factors inducing MIR injury. This postulate is supported by the observation that ADA has protective and therapeutic effects against MIR injury probably by antagonizing the action of endoxin. The underlying mechanism may be ascribed to restoration of energy metabolism, and attenuation of intracellular Ca(2+) overload.     

地方性砷中毒膜毒理学研究

以红细胞膜作为观察标志，从膜毒理学角度探讨地方性砷中毒的发病机理。砷中毒病人血砷０．１１±０．０５５μｇ／ｍｌ，红细胞膜砷０．１０１±０．０５μｇ／ｍｇ膜蛋白，胞浆砷０．００１２±０．０００７μｇ／ｍｇＨｂ；电子显微镜观察到红细胞膜破损，异形红细胞，细胞表面毛刺样改变；胞膜的损伤，引起红细胞免疫功能下降，血液流变学的变化，细胞膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性下降，红细胞电泳速度减慢和微循环变化，且甲皱微循环的变     

Unitary step of gliding machinery in Mycoplasma mobile

Among the bacteria that glide on substrate surfaces, Mycoplasma mobile is one of the fastest, exhibiting smooth movement with a speed of 2.0–4.5 μm⋅s⁻¹ with a cycle of attachment to and detachment from sialylated oligosaccharides. To study the gliding mechanism at the molecular level, we applied an assay with a fluorescently labeled and membrane-permeabilized ghost model, and investigated the motility by high precision colocalization microscopy. Under conditions designed to reduce the number of motor interactions on a randomly oriented substrate, ghosts took unitary 70-nm steps in the direction of gliding. Although it remains possible that the stepping behavior is produced by multiple interactions, our data suggest that these steps are produced by a unitary gliding machine that need not move between sites arranged on a cytoskeletal lattice.The fastest of the Mycoplasma species is Mycoplasma mobile (M. mobile); they glide with a speed of 2.0–4.5 μm⋅s⁻¹ (1, 2). Under an optimal-growth condition, cultivated single M. mobile cells are flask-shaped (Fig. 1A) and glide smoothly across a substrate covered with surface-immobilized sialylated oligosaccharides (3) in the direction of protrusion at a constant speed (Movie S1). Genomic sequencing and analysis have revealed that the mechanism must differ from other forms of motor protein systems and bacterial motility, because M. mobile lacks genes encoding conventional motor proteins in eukaryotes, such as myosin, kinesin, and dynein, in addition to lacking other motility structures in bacteria, such as flagella and pili (4). So far, three proteins have been identified as a part of the gliding machinery (Fig. 1B, Bottom): Gli123 (5), Gli521 (6), and Gli349 (7). The machinery units localize around the cell neck, and their number has been estimated to be ∼450 (2, 5, 8). Gli349 extends out from the cell membrane and shows a rod structure, ∼100 nm in total, with two flexible hinges when isolated (9). Notably, the machinery is driven by hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate, caused by an unknown ATPase (10). Because of the large size and characteristic structure of Gli349, and a series of studies with mutants and inhibitory antibodies (2, 11), it has been hypothesized that Gli349 works as a “leg” by binding to and releasing from a substrate covered with randomly arranged sialylated oligosaccharides (2) consuming the chemical energy of ATP. In addition, the pivoting movement of an elongated cell suggests that there are units working not simultaneously but rather independently to propel the cell forward (12). To test this hypothesis and identify conformational changes of a key part of the gliding machinery, we here designed an assay to detect the movement of M. mobile by high precision colocalization microscopy. In the presence of an excess number of binding targets in the solution, which decreased the number of active legs, stepwise displacement was shown for the first time, to our knowledge, to occur in gliding bacteria.Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Nanometer-scale tracking of Mycoplasma gliding. (A) A dark-field image of M. mobile. The image was captured with center-stop optics to maintain the high numerical aperture of the objective, which enabled a high spatial resolution (35). (Scale bar: 1 μm.) (B, Upper) Illustration of the fluorescent ghost. The gliding machinery was distributed around the neck portion, but only the active machinery bound to the glass is shown for simplicity. (Bottom) A construction model of the gliding machinery comprising three proteins: Gli123, Gli521, and Gli349. See the review by Miyata (2) for more detail. (C) A fluorescent image of the labeled ghost was acquired with a time resolution of 2 ms. (Scale bar: 1 μm; pixel size: 240 nm.) (D) The intensity profile of C. The XY area is 5 × 5 μm. (E) Gaussian fitting to D. Nanometer-scale tracking is achieved by positioning the peak of the 2D Gaussian function fitting to the intensity profile of the ghost. (F, Left) The speed of gliding ghosts at different [ATP]s in the solution (n = 129). The cyan curve shows a fit with Michaelis–Menten kinetics; Vmaxspeed and K_m are 2.6 µm⋅s⁻¹ and 61 µM, respectively. The dotted cyan curve shows a fit with the kinetics including the Hill coefficient; Vmaxspeed, [ATP₅₀] and n are 2.2 µm⋅s⁻¹, 43 µM, and 2.4, respectively. (Right) The speed of living cells with no ATP in the solution (2.1 ± 0.1 µm⋅s⁻¹; n = 22). (G) Effect of SL on the gliding velocity of the ghost at saturated [ATP]s, 0.3–1.0 mM (n = 50).     

微电极阵列技术研究肌质网钙ATP酶过表达对大鼠衰竭心肌电活动的改善作用

目的 探索重组腺病毒(rAd)介导的肌质网Ca2+-ATP酶(SERCA2a)过表达对大鼠心肌梗死后心力衰竭心肌电活动节律和传导的改善作用,并探讨可能的电活动机制.方法 将26只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(n=l0),空病毒对照组(rAd.β-gal组,n=8)和肌质网Ca2+-ATP酶(SERCA2a)转染组(rAd.SERCA2a组,n=8).假手术组仅开胸不结扎动脉,rAd.β-gal组和rAd.SERCA2a组分别进行左冠状动脉前降支结扎建立大鼠心肌梗死后心力衰竭动物模型,同时分别将携带β-gal和SERCA2a基因的重组腺病毒(rAd)导入衰竭心脏,术后2周超声心电图检测心脏舒张功能和收缩功能,心电图监测体表心电活动以及微电极阵列(MEA)技术监测离体心脏组织电活动情况.结果 rAd携带SERCA2a与β-gal基因均成功转入大鼠衰竭心脏.rAd.SERCA2a组可改善心功能,与假手术组相比心室舒张末期容积与心室收缩末期容积轻微增加[(0.41±0.13)cm2对(0.39±0.02)cm2,(0.08±0.02)cm2对(0.06±0.01)cm2,P＞0.05],左心室射血分数[(0.82±0.05)对(0.86±0.01),P＞0.05]和短轴缩短率[(46.6±2.32)％对(49.58±1.71)％,P＞0.05]无明显改变.与假手术组相比,rAd.β-gal组体表心电图QT间期延长[(111.02±7.42) ms对(94.7±1.55) ms,n=6,P＜0.05],室性早搏发生率达71.5％ (5/7),而rAd.SERCA2a组QT间期缩短[(81.45±4.97)ms对(94.7±1.55)ms,n=6,P＜0.05],室性早搏发生率达14.3％(1/7).MEA记录可发现rAd.SERCA2a组心率与假手术组相比差异无统计学意义[(435±31)次/min对(442 ±22)次/min,n=6,P＞0.05],与rAd.β-gal组相比,rAd.SERCA2a组最大场电位[(0.82±0.39)mV对(0.64±0.13) mV,n=6,P＜0.05]、最小场电位[(1.88±0.57) mV对(1.35±0.12) mV n=6,P＜0.05]、场电位时限[(124.17±21.08)ms对(113.23±12.02) ms n=6,P＜0.05]均延长;rAd.β-gal组梗死区与梗死对侧区心肌组织场电位时限差异有统计学意义[(60.36±2.08)ms对(103.24±7.35) ms,n=5,P＜0.05],并且60通道记录梗死区心肌组织场电位时限离散度大于rAd.SERCA2a组[(38.5ms±4.62)ms对(26.88±5.09) ms,n=5];rAd.SERCA2a组传导基本一致,使心肌梗死面心室肌组织电活动呈均一性传导.结论 SERCA2a转基因治疗可以显著改善心力衰竭大鼠的左心室收缩功能、舒张功能,同时可以降低心肌梗死后心力衰竭伴发心律失常的发生,改善心脏电活动的均一传导.MEA技术是一项检测心血管疾病动物模型心脏组织电生理节律和频率以及传导活动的理想技术.     

定心汤对心律失常大鼠模型的影响

目的  研究定心汤对心律失常大鼠模型的作用及各项相关指标的影响。方法  采用乌头碱所致心律失常模型观察药物作用。结果  定心汤对乌头碱致大鼠室性心律失常模型有明显作用,缩短心律失常持续时间,降低血清丙二醛（MDA）含量,增加血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,增加心肌组织中Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性。结论  定心汤有明显的抗室性心律失常作用,且呈剂量依赖性。

     

Ouabain-induced isoform-specific localization change of the Na+, K+-ATPase alpha subunit in the synaptic plasma membrane of rat brain

Na+, K+-ATPase is one of major membrane proteins that has two subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit has the ATPase activity and the ouabain binding site. Among four isoforms of the alpha subunit, expression of alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3, but not alpha4, is observed in matured rat brain. Ouabain is one of cardiac glycosides, and endogenous ouabain-like compounds have been recognized as a new class of steroid hormone. The alpha subunit is considered as their endogenous receptor. Recent studies envisaged the importance of membrane microdomains (MDs) as signaling platforms, which are recovered as a detergent-resistant membrane microdomain fraction (DRM). Although this ATPase has been considered as a non-DRM protein, some amount of the alpha subunit was found to be a component of the DRM prepared from the synaptic plasma membrane fraction (SPM) of rat brain. Ouabain treatment increased the amount of alpha3 isoform, but not alpha1, in the DRM derived from synaptosome fraction and SPM. These results suggest that the localization of the alpha subunit of Na+, K+-ATPase is regulated with isoform-specific mechanisms and the physiological importance of DRM in the signal transduction of the endogenous ouabain-like steroid hormone in neurons.     

Water and solute secretion by the choroid plexus

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides mechanical and chemical protection of the brain and spinal cord. This review focusses on the contribution of the choroid plexus epithelium to the water and salt homeostasis of the CSF, i.e. the secretory processes involved in CSF formation. The choroid plexus epithelium is situated in the ventricular system and is believed to be the major site of CSF production. Numerous studies have identified transport processes involved in this secretion, and recently, the underlying molecular background for some of the mechanisms have emerged. The nascent CSF consists mainly of NaCl and NaHCO₃, and the production rate is strictly coupled to the rate of Na⁺ secretion. In contrast to other secreting epithelia, Na⁺ is actively pumped across the luminal surface by the Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase with possible contributions by other Na⁺ transporters, e.g. the luminal Na⁺,K⁺,2Cl⁻ cotransporter. The Cl⁻ and HCO₃ ⁻ ions are likely transported by a luminal cAMP activated inward rectified anion conductance, although the responsible proteins have not been identified. Whereas Cl⁻ most likely enters the cells through anion exchange, the functional as well as the molecular basis for the basolateral Na⁺ entry are not yet well-defined. Water molecules follow across the epithelium mainly through the water channel, AQP1, driven by the created ionic gradient. In this article, the implications of the recent findings for the current model of CSF secretion are discussed. Finally, the clinical implications and the prospects of future advances in understanding CSF production are briefly outlined.