李沧区2010~2014年妇女常见病流行趋势分析

目的：了解辖内区妇女的生殖健康状况,掌握其流行趋势,及时制订干预措施,降低发病率。方法对李沧区2010~2014年的妇女病普查情况连续监测,并进行汇总、比对、分析。结果5年间妇女病患病率呈下降趋势,阴道炎、宫颈炎是危害妇女健康的常见生殖系统炎症,患病率较高。结论本地区妇女保健意识缺乏,应加强政府干预、多部门协作,将防治生殖道感染,筛查宫颈癌作为妇女病普查的主要任务,加强妇女保健知识科普宣传教育,提高妇女的自我保健意识,采取综合措施以降低妇女病患病率。     

医院感染现患率调查与分析

目的了解齐鲁石化医院集团中心医院医院感染现患率和横断面抗菌药物使用情况。方法采用横断面调查方法,床旁调查和病历调查相结合,对2009年8月10日的住院患者进行医院感染现患率调查。结果调查住院患者394例,发生医院感染17例、18例次,医院感染现患率4.31%,例次现患率4.57%;神经外科现患率最高为17.65%,下呼吸道感染占首位为38.89%,其次是泌尿道感染为22.22%;抗菌药物横断面使用率为42.89%,治疗性用药占53.25%,预防性用药占35.50%,治疗兼预防用药占11.24%,一联用药占60.36%,二联用药占36.69,三联用药占2.95%。结论加强临床科室的目标性监测,提高病原体送检率和分离率,合理使用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株的产生,控制医院感染发生。     

广州地区3～6岁学龄前儿童视力发育及屈光状态流行病学调查

目的 了解广州地区3～6岁学龄前儿童的屈光状况及视力发育情况.方法 随机选取广州市不同行政区的10所幼儿园,对其中3～6岁学龄前儿童的屈光状态及视力进行检查.使用1%环戊酮麻痹睫状肌后,进行电脑验光检查,并用带状光检影复查;48 h后使用EDTRS视力表行主觉验光,记录最佳矫正视力.最后按年龄分组,对屈光及视力资料进行one-way ANOVA及Bonferroni统计学分析.结果 共2480名儿童完成检查,其中,3岁组男201例,女172例;4岁组男434例,女384例;5岁组男437例,女410例;6岁组男238例,女204例.各组的平均年龄分别为（43.3±2.8）个月、（53.8±3.3）个月、（65.5±3.4）个月及（75.1±2.6）个月.各年龄组的等效球镜度分别为（1.66±0.70）D、（1.67±0.80）D、（1.59±0.81）D及（1.48±0.72）D,4组之间等效球镜度的差异存在统计学意义（F=12.39.P=0.000）;以Bonferroni法进行两两比较发现,除3岁组与4岁组以及3岁组与5岁组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.008）外.其余各组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.008）.3岁组、4岁组、5岁组及6岁组的LogMAR视力分别为0.26±0.14、0.18±0.10、0.13±0.08及0.10±0.08,4组之间视力的差异存在统计学意义（F=406.2,P=0.000）;以Bonferroni法进行两两比较发现,任意两组间的差异均有统计学意义（P=0.000）.结论 对于3～6岁学龄前儿童,眼球屈光度向远视减小方向发展符合正视化过程的规律,他们的生理性远视的等效球镜度相差不大,都接近＋1.50 D;同时,视力随年龄增加而逐步提高,提示在弱视诊断时,应该将正常视力发育状况作为参考.     

Body Fat Moderates the Association of Olfactory Dysfunction with Dietary Intake in U.S. Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES 2013–2014

Background: Obesity relates to impaired olfactory function. Abnormal olfactory function is also associated with poor diet; however, whether obesity-related markers shape this relationship is unknown. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis (n = 1415, age > 40 years) of NHANES 2013–2014 examined body fat percent (BF%) and waist circumference (WC) as moderators of the relationship between olfactory function and diet. The olfactory function test identified adults with olfactory dysfunction (OD) or normal olfaction (NO). Validated 24 h recall captured nutrient intake and Healthy Eating Index-2010 scores. BF% and WC were measured. We tested adjusted linear regression models, with an interaction term between olfactory function and BF%/WC, for each nutrient or HEI score, and reported coefficients (β), standard errors (SE), and p-values for significant interaction terms. Results: In OD (9.5%; mean age 50.9 years, 95% CI 49.6, 52.2) compared with NO (mean age 49.3 years, 95% CI 48.8, 49.9), higher BF% was associated with higher intake of saturated fat (β (SE): 0.2 (0.1) g; p = 0.06) and percent of total calories from total fat (0.2 (0.1); p = 0.07), saturated (0.1 (0.004); p = 0.02), and monounsaturated fat (0.1 (0.1); p = 0.08); lower percent of total calories from carbohydrates (−0.2 (0.1); p = 0.09) and mg of sodium (−17.8 (09.6); p = 0.08); and a higher (healthier) refined grain score (0.1 (0.1); p = 0.04). Higher WC was associated with higher refined grain scores (0.01 (0.02); p = 0.01) in OD. Conclusion: BF% may shape dietary intake and quality in OD. Longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the directionality of these relationships and develop strategies to improve dietary intake among OD.     

江西贫困地区口腔健康行为及医疗状况调查

目的：调查江西省贫困地区居民口腔健康行为及口腔卫生医疗状况,为贫困地区居民口腔健康维护提出指导。方法随机发放调查问卷、现场义诊检查的方式,对甘坊镇198名居民进行调查,了解其口腔健康行为及该地区医疗现状。结果仅45.67%的居民每天至少早晚各刷一次牙,27.33%的居民每次刷牙持续3-5min,不足10%的居民能定期进行口腔检查。结论江西省贫困地区居民口腔健康知识了解不足,就诊意识较差,县乡村口腔医疗状况不容乐观。     

住院患儿家长安全用药认知的调查

目的：了解患儿家长安全用药认知情况,为提高儿童安全用药水平,进一步开展安全用药工作提供依据。方法：设计制定安全用药认知的知识-态度-行为（KAP）问卷,以2011年2～3月我院儿科住院患儿的家长为调查对象,进行调查。结果：发放问卷调查表13 1份,有效问卷调查表130份,有效率99.23%。家长安全用药认知度评分及格率仅51.54%,安全用药认知度与家长文化程度、职业有关联。结论：儿童家长安全用药知识有待进一步提高,建议临床药师加强在儿科的安全用药知识宣传教育。     

中国越南患者对针灸满意度对比调查分析

目的:对中国越南患者针灸满意度进行对比调查分析,以期为共同发展中国和越南的针灸和中医药事业的交流和合作提供参考。方法:采用问卷抽样调查的方式,对2010年8月至2011年8月期间广州市和河内市医院门诊患者及在住院满1周的患者共2 000例进行调查。调查内容包括受访者健康状况、针灸治疗概况等19个项目。结果:80%的中国患者对针灸治疗综合满意,47%的越南患者对针灸治疗综合满意。对医生、护士的工作及态度,中国患者的非常满意和满意率分别为89%和83%;越南患者的非常满意和满意率分别为90%和96%。对治疗使用一次性针具,中国患者的非常满意和满意率为94%;对治疗使用非一次性针具,越南患者的非常满意和满意率为45%。结论:中越两国的针灸事业仍有提升空间,应该加强对外交流合作共同进步。     

Twin pregnancies in Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan over four decades: natural twinning is on the increase

Objective

To assess trends in twinning over four decades using a population-based registry.

Design

Ecological study to conduct trend analysis of twin pregnancies in a geographically defined area over 40 years.

Setting

All pregnancies in the Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan area of South Wales from 1965 to 2004, as recorded in the Cardiff Birth Survey (CBS) database.

Methods

Trends of the incidence of all twin pregnancies (≥18 weeks of gestation) were calculated in 5-year increments, beginning with 1965–1969 and ending in 2000–2004. Natural twinning rates could only be calculated for the terminal five time periods (i.e., 1980–1984, 1985–1989, 1990–1994, 1995–1999, and 2000–2004), when information regarding non-spontaneous (iatrogenic) twinning was first collected in the database. All results were adjusted for maternal age.

Results

The total twinning rate was 13.1 per 1000 pregnancies in the 1st time period (1965–1969). Subsequently, there was a gradual reduction in twinning, reaching a nadir of 10.3 per 1000 for the time period 1980–1985 (Z = 3.15, P value < 0.001). This was followed by a gradual increase in twinning, reaching a maximum of 15.7 per 1000 for both 1995–1999 and 2000–2004 (Z = −5.18, P value < 0.0001). After exclusion of the cases of iatrogenic pregnancies, the natural twinning rate showed a continuous and gradual increase from 10 per 1000 spontaneous pregnancies in 1980–1984 to 13.3 per 1000 in 2000–2004 (Z = −5.08, P value < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The data showed a gradual, continuous increase in natural twinning rates over the last two decades. Such an increase cannot be attributed to the rise in maternal age alone.     

锡林浩特市成人居民高血压患病情况及危险因素调查分析

目的 了解锡林浩特市18岁以上居民高血压的患病情况及危险因素,为防治高血压提供科学依据.方法 采用现况调查的方法,多阶段按比例随机抽样法抽取锡林浩特市18岁以上居民2411人进行面对面的问卷调查和体格检查.结果 在2411人中,测量血压异常率为32.7％ （789/2411）,高血压患病率为23.7％（572/2411）,其中,男性患病率为21.5％,女性患病率为25.3％,男女患病率差异有统计学意义（x2=4.799,P＜0.05）;高血压患病率随年龄的增长逐渐上升（x2=373.107,P＜0.01）;高血压患病率随体重指数（BMI）的增加呈升高趋势,不同BMI人群高血压的患病率差异有高度统计学意义（x2=123.362,P＜0.01）.经多因素分析显示,研究人群高血压患病率与年龄（OR=1.086）、家族史（OR=3.930）、腰围（OR=1.597）、BMI（OR=1.653）、吸烟（OR=1.212）、饮酒（OR=1.204）因素相关（P＜0.01）,都为危险因素.结论 锡林浩特市高血压流行形势不容忽视,应继续加强社区高血压防治工作,对有家族史、超重肥胖的人群进行重点干预.