异位骨化

通过复习异位骨化的相关文献，详细介绍了异位骨化的发病机制、分类、发生率、分型、发病因素、临床表现、诊断、预防及治疗方法。异位骨化是指在正常情况下没有骨组织的软组织内形成的新生骨，在组织学上，成熟的异位骨化与骨痂一致。其形成一般需三个条件：①成骨诱导物；②成骨的前体细胞；③允许成骨的组织环境。早期表现包括关节周围疼痛、发热、红肿，逐渐出现关节活动受限。三相核素骨扫描是早期检测异位骨化的最敏感指标，并可以判断病变的活动性和成熟度。非甾体类消炎药(NSAIDs)是目前公认的预防人工髋关节置换和髋臼骨折术后异位骨化形成的最有效的药物。手术切除是异位骨化形成后导致严重关节功能障碍患者的唯一治疗手段。     

Heterotopic ossification associated with myelopathy following cervical disc prosthesis implantation

This case report presents a 37-year-old man with clinical signs of myelopathy almost 9 years after implantation of a Bryan disc prosthesis (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN, USA) for C5/C6 soft disc herniation. As demonstrated on MRI and CT scan, spinal cord compression was caused by bony spurs due to heterotopic ossification posterior to the still moving prosthesis. The device, as well as the ectopic bone deposits, had to be removed because of myelopathy and its imminent aggravation. Conversion to anterior spondylodesis was performed.     

Clinical and radiologic comparison of dynamic cervical implant arthroplasty and cervical total disc replacement for single-level cervical degenerative disc disease

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, to date the most successful spine procedure for the surgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy, has limitations that have led to the development of non-fusion cervical procedures, such as cervical total disc replacement (TDR) and dynamic cervical implant (DCI) arthroplasty. We compared the clinical and radiological results of DCI and cervical TDR for the treatment of single-level cervical degenerative disc disease in Chinese patients. A retrospective review of 179 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy who underwent DCI or TDR between April 2010 and October 2012 was conducted, and 152 consecutive patients (67 patients single-level DCI and 85 single-level TDR) who completed at least 2 years of follow-up were included. Clinical and radiological assessments were performed preoperatively and at 1 week and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. The most common operative level was C5/C6 (49.3%). The differences in blood loss, duration of surgery, and duration of hospitalization were not statistically significant. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale, Visual Analog Scale, Neck Disability Index, and Short Form-36 scores improved significantly after surgery in both the DCI and TDR groups (P < 0.05), but the differences were not statistically significant at the final follow-up. The rate of occurrence of heterotopic ossification was 22.4% and 28.2% in the DCI and TDR groups, respectively. As an effective non-fusion technique, DCI is a more economical procedure. Further prospective, randomized studies with long-term follow-up periods are needed to determine the long-term effects.     

Prevalence of heterotopic ossification after cervical total disc arthroplasty: a meta-analysis

Background  

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a well-known complication after total hip and knee arthroplasty. But limited studies have focused on prevalence of HO following cervical total disc arthroplasty (CTDA) and the published data show controversial results.     

单节段Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换术后异位骨化的发生率和疗效观察

目的评估单节段Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换术后异位骨化发生情况,分析异位骨化对术后疗效影响。方法回顾分析2005年10月-2007年10月48例行单节段Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换术患者临床资料。男27例,女21例;年龄33～51岁,平均40.5岁。脊髓型颈椎病8例,神经根型颈椎病27例,混合型颈椎病13例。病程2～14个月,平均10.3个月。病变节段:C3、43例,C4、56例,C5、630例,C6、79例。术后采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)、置换节段活动度评价疗效;并将患者按术后是否发生异位骨化分为两组,比较术后1、2、3、4年以上各指标差异。结果患者术中及术后均无严重并发症发生。48例均获随访,随访时间48～72个月,平均56.6个月。术后各时间点VAS评分及NDI均较术前显著改善(P<0.05);除术后3 d,其余各时间点置换节段活动度与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4年共13例(27.08%)发生异位骨化,其中1级8例,2级3例,3级2例。异位骨化组和无异位骨化组患者术后各时间点置换节段活动度及VAS评分、NDI比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论单节段Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换术后异位骨化发生率相对较高,异位骨化对人工颈椎间盘置换节段活动度影响较小,对术后疗效无明显影响。     

Cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: factors affecting the effect of posterior decompression

Objective: Decompression procedures for cervical myelopathy of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) are anterior decompression with fusion, laminoplasty, and posterior decompression with fusion. Preoperative and postoperative stress analyses were performed for compression from hill-shaped cervical OPLL using 3-dimensional finite element method (FEM) spinal cord models.

Methods: Three FEM models of vertebral arch, OPLL, and spinal cord were used to develop preoperative compression models of the spinal cord to which 10%, 20%, and 30% compression was applied; a posterior compression with fusion model of the posteriorly shifted vertebral arch; an advanced kyphosis model following posterior decompression with the spinal cord stretched in the kyphotic direction; and a combined model of advanced kyphosis following posterior decompression and intervertebral mobility. The combined model had discontinuity in the middle of OPLL, assuming the presence of residual intervertebral mobility at the level of maximum cord compression, and the spinal cord was mobile according to flexion of vertebral bodies by 5°, 10°, and 15°.

Results: In the preoperative compression model, intraspinal stress increased as compression increased. In the posterior decompression with fusion model, intraspinal stress decreased, but partially persisted under 30% compression. In the advanced kyphosis model, intraspinal stress increased again. As anterior compression was higher, the stress increased more. In the advanced kyphosis +?intervertebral mobility model, intraspinal stress increased more than in the only advanced kyphosis model following decompression. Intraspinal stress increased more as intervertebral mobility increased.

Conclusion: In high residual compression or instability after posterior decompression, anterior decompression with fusion or posterior decompression with instrumented fusion should be considered.     

颈椎前路椎间融合术与人工椎间盘置换术联合椎间融合术治疗连续双节段颈椎病的中长期疗效对比

目的 :比较前路颈椎椎间融合术(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)与颈前路人工椎间盘置换联合颈椎椎间融合(Hybrid手术)治疗连续双节段颈椎病的中长期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月~2012年3月在我科行ACDF及Hybrid手术治疗的连续双节段颈椎病患者,资料完整且随访时间60个月者共68例,其中ACDF 39例(ACDF组),Hybrid手术29例(Hybrid组),两组患者年龄、性别构成比、随访时间、手术节段等均无统计学差异。比较两组术前及末次随访时的JOA评分、颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、颈椎整体活动度、C2-C7颈椎曲度、相邻节段活动度、相邻节段退变情况等。结果:两组患者手术时间、出血量和术后引流量均无统计学差异;末次随访时的JOA、NDI及VAS评分均较同组术前有显著性改善(P0.05),两组间同时间点比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。末次随访时根据Odom标准,Hybrid组的优良率为93.1%,ACDF组为92.3%,两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05);两组C2-C7曲度较术前均有所恢复,Hybrid组较ACDF组改善更好(P0.05);Hybrid组整体颈椎活动度及相邻节段活动度较术前无明显差异(P0.05),ACDF组颈椎活动度较术前明显降低(P0.05)、相邻节段活动度明显增加(P0.05);颈椎X线片评估相邻节段退变发生率无统计学差异(Hybrid组17.2%vs ACDF组20.5%,P0.05);末次随访时Hybrid组人工间盘置换节段异位骨化发生率为34.5%(10/29),其中Mobi-C假体发生率为41.2%(5/12),Pro Disc-C假体发生率为29.4%(5/17)。结论 :Hybrid手术治疗双节段颈椎病5年以上随访临床疗效及安全有效性与ACDF相当,但Hybrid手术可以更好地重建颈椎曲度,减少邻近节段代偿性活动的同时保持颈椎活动度。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术疗效及影响因素分析

目的探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术疗效及相关影响因素。方法以手术治疗的96例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者为研究对象,记录治疗前(T0)、术后6个月(T1)、术后12个月(T2)、术后24个月(T3)的下腰痛评分及改善率。根据疗效评估结果将受试者分成优、良组(A组)和可、差组(B组),比较两组年龄、性别、体质指数、病程、术前JOA评分、影像学分型、手术节段、椎管面积残余率、合并其他脊柱病变症状、术前MRI T2相脊髓内高信号情况等的差异。对单因素分析后有统计学意义的指标行非条件Logistic回归分析。结果 1 96例经24个月随访,疗效评估结果显示:74例为A组,优44例(45.8%)、良30例(31.3%);22例为B组,可17例(17.7%)、差5例(5.2%)。所有受试者T3时JOA评分较T0时显著提高(P0.05)。2两组患者的性别、体质指数、影像学分型、合并其他脊柱病变症状及术前MRI T2相脊髓内高信号情况等资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组年龄60岁者52例(70.3%),病程24个月者53例(71.6%),中上胸节段者50例(67.6%),椎管面积残余率≥50%者48(64.9%),术前JOA评分为(7.0±1.5)分,各项依次高于B组的9例(40.9%)、8例(36.4%)、9例(40.9%)、8例(36.4%)、(5.1±1.0)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。3年龄≥60岁、病程≥24个月、手术节段累及胸腰段、椎管面积残余率50%及术前JOA评分6分均为影响胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者手术效果的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论年龄、病程、手术节段、椎管面积残余率、术前JOA评分均为影响胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者手术治疗效果的重要因素,需引起临床重视。     

Bisphosphonate Use in Acute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review

Background/Objective:

Bone density loss occurs rapidly after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and is associated with low-energy fractures below the level of injury, commonly occurring around the knee. Bisphosphonates have been tested as potential agents to prevent bone loss after SCI, but no guidelines exist for clinical use of bisphosphonates in these patients. The objective of this study was to systematically review and evaluate evidence quality in studies of bisphosphonate use in patients with post-treatment follow-up of sublesional bone mineral density.

Methods:

Literature search in MEDLINE/PubMed and ISI database using key words bisphosphonates, spinal cord injury, quadriplegia, paraplegia, and tetraplegia.

Results:

The search identified 6 experimental studies and 1 quasi-experimental study of bisphosphonate therapy in patients with acute and chronic SCI. The studies were small and of fair or poor quality, and none included fracture outcomes. Mild attenuation of bone density loss with acute administration of bisphosphonates after SCI was found at some measurement sites but was not always maintained during follow-up.

Conclusions:

Data were insufficient to recommend routine use of bisphosphonates for fracture prevention in these patients. Current studies are limited by heterogeneity of patient populations and outcome measures. Uniform bone density measurement sites with rigorous quality control and compliance monitoring are needed to improve reliability of outcomes. Future studies should address specific populations (acute or chronic SCI) and should assess fracture outcomes.