基于KPCA算法的阿尔茨海默症辅助诊断

阿尔茨海默症（AD）是一种起病隐匿、进行性发展的神经系统退行性疾病,利用磁共振成像和计算机技术对AD患者的辅助诊断是目前不断探索的新课题。本研究先对磁共振图像进行预处理和相关性分析,然后利用核主成分分析法（KPCA）对脑灰质图像进行特征提取,结合Adaboost算法进行分类,并与主成分分析法（PCA）进行对比试验。通过对AD神经影像学计划数据库中的116名AD患者、116名轻度认知障碍患者,以及117名正常对照的脑部功能磁共振成像进行的研究表明,利用机器学习能够很有效地辅助诊断AD脑部疾病,KPCA算法对图像进行特征提取比PCA 算法更加充分完备,分类结果更加精确,能够获得更好的AD辅助诊断结果。     

Mobile and Fixed Computer Use by Doctors and Nurses on Hospital Wards: Multi-method Study on the Relationships Between Clinician Role,Clinical Task,and Device Choice

Background

Selecting the right mix of stationary and mobile computing devices is a significant challenge for system planners and implementers. There is very limited research evidence upon which to base such decisions.

Objective

We aimed to investigate the relationships between clinician role, clinical task, and selection of a computer hardware device in hospital wards.

Methods

Twenty-seven nurses and eight doctors were observed for a total of 80 hours as they used a range of computing devices to access a computerized provider order entry system on two wards at a major Sydney teaching hospital. Observers used a checklist to record the clinical tasks completed, devices used, and location of the activities. Field notes were also documented during observations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after observation sessions. Assessment of the physical attributes of three devices—stationary PCs, computers on wheels (COWs) and tablet PCs—was made. Two types of COWs were available on the wards: generic COWs (laptops mounted on trolleys) and ergonomic COWs (an integrated computer and cart device). Heuristic evaluation of the user interfaces was also carried out.

Results

The majority (93.1%) of observed nursing tasks were conducted using generic COWs. Most nursing tasks were performed in patients’ rooms (57%) or in the corridors (36%), with a small percentage at a patient’s bedside (5%). Most nursing tasks related to the preparation and administration of drugs. Doctors on ward rounds conducted 57.3% of observed clinical tasks on generic COWs and 35.9% on tablet PCs. On rounds, 56% of doctors’ tasks were performed in the corridors, 29% in patients’ rooms, and 3% at the bedside. Doctors not on a ward round conducted 93.6% of tasks using stationary PCs, most often within the doctors’ office. Nurses and doctors were observed performing workarounds, such as transcribing medication orders from the computer to paper.

Conclusions

The choice of device was related to clinical role, nature of the clinical task, degree of mobility required, including where task completion occurs, and device design. Nurses’ work, and clinical tasks performed by doctors during ward rounds, require highly mobile computer devices. Nurses and doctors on ward rounds showed a strong preference for generic COWs over all other devices. Tablet PCs were selected by doctors for only a small proportion of clinical tasks. Even when using mobile devices clinicians completed a very low proportion of observed tasks at the bedside. The design of the devices and ward space configurations place limitations on how and where devices are used and on the mobility of clinical work. In such circumstances, clinicians will initiate workarounds to compensate. In selecting hardware devices, consideration should be given to who will be using the devices, the nature of their work, and the physical layout of the ward.     

基于笔形束散射核的非均匀模体透射平面散射线分析

目的:利用蒙特卡罗方法分析透射平面上散射光子的物理性质以及非均匀模体厚度对散射核的影响,为基于电子射野影像设备（EPID）的在体剂量验证研究提供基础。方法:利用EGSnrc建立笔形束散射核模型,并模拟获得X射线穿过非均匀模体（水肺水/水骨水模体）以及相应等效厚度水模后30 cm处透射平面上的多种散射线能量注量分布,并分析水肺水/水骨水模体与其等效厚度水模体在散射线能量注量分布上的差异。结果:散射核中一阶康普顿散射线最大能量注量在1×10-4 MeV·cm-2数量级,当离轴距离为8~12 cm时下降至最大值的一半,而散射核中其它散射线能量注量最大值在1×10-5 MeV·cm-2数量级附近或以下。对于水肺水/水骨水模体,散射核能量注量相对偏差变化为±1.2%~±11.5%,且随模体非均匀层厚度增大而增大。结论:散射核中一阶康普顿散射线占比最大,同时也贡献了大部分能量注量相对偏差,在通过散射核来重建非均匀模体后EPID平面上的射线分布时,应着重考虑一阶康普顿散射线对重建结果的影响,并对其进行有效的修正。     

Additive Effects of Older Brothers and Homosexual Brothers in the Prediction of Marriage and Cohabitation

Research has shown that male homosexuality tends to cluster in families and that homosexual males have, on average, a greater number of older brothers than do heterosexual males. This study investigated whether the former, between-families effect and the latter, within-families effect are additive. The subjects were 717 full siblings over age 40 reported by 343 heterosexual and homosexual male probands examined in Southern Ontario in 1994–1995. The sibling's history of legal marriage or cohabitation in a heterosexual relationship was taken as a proxy variable for sexual orientation. There were no significant findings for the female siblings. As expected, the never-married male siblings were more likely to come from the sibships of the homosexual probands, and they had a greater average number of older brothers. A bootstrapped logistic regression analysis showed that an additive model best explained the male siblings' data. The results suggest that the familial aggregation of male homosexuality cannot be explained by the birth order effect and that older brothers and family membership reflect separate influences on sexual orientation or sexual orientation-correlated behavior.     

Compact and accurate linear and nonlinear autoregressive moving average model parameter estimation using Laguerre functions

A linear and nonlinear autoregressive moving average (ARMA) identification algorithm is developed for modeling time series data. The algorithm uses Laguerre expansion of kernals (LEK) to estimate Volterra-Wiener kernals. However, instead of estimating linear and nonlinear system dynamics via moving average models, as is the case for the Volterra-Wiener analysis, we propose an ARMA model-based approach. The proposed algorithm is essentially the same as LEK, but this algorithm is extended to include past values of the ouput as well. Thus, all of the advantages associated with using the Laguerre function remain with our algorithm; but, by extending the algorithm to the linear and nonlinear ARMA model, a significant reduction in the number of Laguerre functions can be made, compared with the Volterra-Wiener approach. This translates into a more compact system representation and makes the physiological interpretation of higher order kernels easier. Furthermore, simulation results show better performance of the proposed approach in estimating the system dynamics than LEK in certain cases, and it remains effective in the presence of significant additive measurement noise.     

The relationship between fraternal birth order and childhood sex-atypical behavior among the Istmo Zapotec muxes

Research on male androphilia (i.e., sexual attraction towards adult males) consistently finds that androphilic males tend to have more older biological brothers than males who are gynephilic (i.e., sexually attracted to adult females). This fraternal birth order effect (FBOE) has been well replicated among androphilic males who present publically in a male-typical (cisgender) and a female-typical (transgender) manner. There is some evidence that the FBOE is more pronounced among transgender androphilic males. However, no studies have directly compared both forms of male androphilia within the same culture. This study tested the FBOE, and its association with childhood sex-atypical behavior (CSAB), among the Istmo Zapotec of Oaxaca, Mexico, where both forms of male androphilia are referred to as a third gender, muxes. Our results indicated that both cisgender muxe nguiiu (n = 124) and transgender muxe gunaa (n = 120) were more likely to be later born among brothers than gynephilic men (n = 194). However, the number of older brothers did not differentiate between transgender and cisgender muxes, nor did it predict CSAB among muxes. These findings replicate the FBOE among both cisgender and transgender muxes but show no evidence that it is more pronounced among transgender androphilic males.     

基于分数低阶矩的非高斯噪声中诱发电位提取新方法

诱发电位（EP）信号榆测与分析技术是临床医学诊断神经系统损伤及病变的重要手段之一。传统的EP信号提取与分离方法中，通常认为EP信号中混入的EEG等噪声是高斯分布的。近年来一些研究表明TEEG信号具有一定的非高斯特性。α-稳定分布町以更好地描述实际应用中所遇到的具有显著脉冲特性的EEG噪声。文中简要介绍了稳定分们统计特性，推导了一种适用于EP信号分离提取的新算法。计算机模拟和分析表明，这种算法是一种在分数低阶α稳定分布背景噪声条件下具有良好韧性的EP信号分离提取方法。     

Study on Singularity of Chaotic Signal Based on Wavelet Transform

INTRODUCTION The significant information of a signal is often carried by singular characteristics or irregular struc-tures of the signal, for example, the most important information of ECG(electrocardiogram) or EEG isoften presented at the transient points of a signal, such as those points near peaks. The singular charac-teristics of these transient points are more obvious than the smooth parts of signals. Therefore,to studythe singularity of a signal is a meaningful work. Those analysi…     

基于改进TransUnet网络的血管内超声图像边界提取方法研究

血管内超声(IVUS)图像是观测血管内部结构的首选影像学手段,基于IVUS图像的内膜和中外膜边界的提取是实现冠脉粥样硬化精准诊断的前提和关键。针对IVUS图像结构复杂、对比度低、边界提取困难等问题,本研究提出一种基于改进TransUnet网络的分割方法。首先,针对IVUS图像边界提取难点,对边血管、血管分叉、导丝伪像、阴影等4种图像结构进行建模,并基于建模结果予以定向数据增强;而后,结合IVUS图像的环状结构分布特点,在TransUnet网络中提出了Polar-bias归纳偏置的策略,并对IVUS图像进行像素级的分类;最后,基于分类结果优化GVF snake模型的外力场,进而提取IVUS图像的内膜和中外膜边界。采用国际标准IVUS图像数据集(两组不同中心频率,共512幅图像)对算法进行评测,引入JMard距离(JM),Hausdorff距离(HD)和面积差异百分比(PAD)等3个评测指标,在数据集A中JM为0.87, HD为0.87, PAD为0.18,数据集B中JM为0.91, HD为0.25, PAD为0.08。实验结果表明,所提出的算法在两组数据集的内膜及中外膜提取问题中的表现均...