2006年山西省临汾市尧都区农村生活饮用水中氟含量的调查

目的 全面掌握山西省临汾市尧都区农村生活饮用水中氟含量的情况,并及时筛查出高氟水源,为改水决策的制订提供科学依据.方法 于2006年4-9月,在尧都区辖区内的12个乡镇175个行政村中,按东、西、南、北、中5个方位随机抽取1口水井作为采样点进行采样.按照GB 5750-1985《生活饮用水标准检验法》中氟离子选择电极法测定水样中的氟含量.按照GB 5749-1985《生活饮用水卫生标准》对检测结果进行评价.结果 共调查12个乡镇的175个行政村,生活饮用水中氟含量合格的行政村有80个,占45.7%;共采集水样873件(有1个行政村只有3口水井),合格478件,合格率为54.75%,水氟含量为0.24～5.44 mg/L,中位数为0.91 mg/L.水样合格率由高至低依次为:金殿镇(84.29%)＞吴村镇(78.67%)＞刘村镇(66.83%)＞贺家庄(66.67%)＞屯里镇(62.86%)＞乔李镇(50.00%)、土门镇(50.00%)、大阳镇(50.00%)、县底镇(50.00%)＞贾得乡(43.84%)＞尧庙镇(26.67%)＞段店乡(12.00%).不同井深水氟含量合格率间比较,经x2检验,差异有统计学意义(x2=322.066,P＜0.01);且水氟含量合格率随着井深的增加而升高,呈正相关关系(r=0.517 7,P＜0.01).结论 山西省临汾市尧都区属于中、重度地氟病病区,建议应加大对高氟区的改水降氟力度,让当地群众早日脱离高氟水的危害.     

Validation of the asthma impact survey,a brief asthma-specific quality of life tool

Background The Asthma Impact Survey (AIS-6) is a new six question asthma outcome tool for which information on validity has not been published. Objective To provide validation for the AIS-6 as a brief asthma-specific quality of life tool. Methods Surveys were sent to a random sample of members of a large managed care organization who were at least 35 years of age and in the two-year period preceding the survey had either (1) at least one documented asthma-related medical encounter, or (2) at least a 6 months supply of asthma medication dispensed. In addition to the AIS-6, the survey included a validated quality of life tool [the mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ)]; a validated asthma control questionnaire [the Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire^TM (ATAQ)]; a validated symptom severity scale (AOMS); and information regarding demographics, co-morbidities, asthma severity, and asthma management. The results of the AIS-6 were compared to the results of the other tools by means of correlation and factor analysis. Independent predictors of AIS-6 and AQLQ scores were determined by multiple stepwise linear regression analyses. Results AIS-6 scores were significantly related to female sex, educational level, income, smoking, body mass index (BMI), COPD, steroid use, and hospitalization history in bivariate analyses. The AIS-6 score significantly correlated (r = − 0.84, p < 0.0001) with the AQLQ total score and loaded on the three factors (activity, symptoms, and concern/bother) reflected by the survey information and on which the AQLQ also loaded. Significant but somewhat smaller correlations were found between the AIS-6 and the ATAQ (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001) and the AOMS (r = 0.55, p < 0.0001). Independent predictors were the same for the AIS-6 and AQLQ and included oral steroid use, COPD history, BMI, female sex, educational level, and hospitalization in the past year. Conclusion These data support the validity of the short six-question AIS-6 as an asthma-specific quality of life tool.     

Development and reproducibility of a tool to assess school food-purchasing practices and lifestyle habits of Australian primary school-aged children

Objective: To describe the development and reproducibility of a self‐report instrument, for use with children in years 4–6, to identify sources of food eaten during the day, and type and frequency of food purchases at school. Design: Tool development stages included formulation of content and format, expert review, piloting and a test–retest study. Subjects/setting: The pilot study included school students (n = 20) in years 4 and 5 (seven girls, mean age 9.7 ± 0.7 years) attending an Australian public primary school. The test–retest study was performed in a large metropolitan public primary school (n = 245 children, 52% female, mean age 10.7 ± 0.91 years) including children from years 4 (n = 88), 5 (n = 84) and 6 (n = 73). Statistical analysis: A Kappa statistic was used to assess level of agreement between the two time periods separated by 1 week. The results were analysed using SAS version 8.2 with each question compared at time 1 and 2. Results: The mean kappa was 0.529 using pairings from 17 questions. Values ranged from 0.18 to 0.71 (CI 0.46–0.60). Conclusions and applications: The School Eating Habits and Lifestyle Survey has been developed and pilot‐tested in primary school‐aged children and shown to have moderate stability over time. The results show that each phase of development, particularly those spent in consultation and testing, led to progressive improvement of this instrument. This process improved the quality of information produced and gave insights to self‐report of dietary intake and behaviours among children.     

武汉市室内装修后甲醛浓度动态变化规律研究

目的 了解武汉市新装修居室空气中甲醛的污染情况及其动态变化规律和室内装修装饰材料的构成.方法 于2005年4月,选择武汉市新装修的66户住户,连续6个月监测室内空气中的甲醛浓度,同时对室内装饰材料的构成做相关调查.结果 武汉市新装修居室空气中甲醛浓度在第4次监测(7月)时达到峰值,其平均浓度为0.272 mg/m,超过国家卫生标准(0.1 mg/m3)1.72倍,此后甲醛浓度随时间的延长而逐渐降低.6个月后,仍有近30%的住户室内空气甲醛浓度超标.人造板材占家具和门窗、墙面等装修材料构成的81.48%,成为室内空气甲醛污染的主要来源.结论 新装修居室空气中甲醛浓度的降低是一个长期缓慢的过程.大量使用易挥发甲醛的装饰材料(人造板材)造成新装修居室空气中甲醛污染严重.     

合肥市中学生早餐及零食行为调查

本对合肥市中学生进行了有关早餐和吃零食行为的横断面调查。结果表明：有近３０％的中学生不吃早餐；男生和女生吃零食的分别为２．４％和２２．２％。并对其一些相关因素进行了分析。     

我国较贫困地区农村学龄前儿童膳食状况

对１９８５～１９８９年７省较贫困的１８个乡农村儿童膳食调查资料采用平均摄入量、临界值及概率法进行了总结分析。结果表明，６～２４月龄母乳喂养儿的辅食品种单一，数量不足。断奶儿童各年龄组热能、蛋白质摄入量的平均值分别达ＲＤＡ的９２％～１０４％和７６％～８４％，但以ＲＤＡ为界值，仍有５３％～６２％及７４％～８５％的儿童热能、蛋白质摄入量低，用概率法分析蛋白质、钙、维生素Ａ、Ｂ２、Ｃ及铁摄入不足的人数比例分别是５０％～６０％、９３％～９７％、５１％～８７％、７４％～８６％、５８％～６６％和１２％～４７％。热能、蛋白质摄入量低于ＲＤＡ值儿童的身高、体重明显低于摄入量高于ＲＤＡ值的儿童。     

某县土法金银冶炼业环境污染调查

目的 了解某县土法金银冶炼业周围环境的污染现状及对居民健康的影响.方法 于2000年4-7月采用现场调查与实验室检测相结合的方法,对土法金银冶炼业污染的环境介质(车间空气、农田水、饮用水、蔬菜、稻谷和土壤)中的砷进行监测,对当地居民的健康状况进行调查.结果 调查发现土法金银冶炼生产工艺落后,冶炼业布局不合理,"三废"未进行处理.环境介质均不同程度受到砷污染,其中农田水砷浓度最大超标达1 749倍,致使稻谷砷含量最大超标达37倍,蔬菜砷含量最大超标达35倍,车间空气砷浓度最大超标16倍.当地部分居民被检出为慢性砷中毒.结论 土法金银冶炼业对周围环境造成了不同程度的砷污染,危害当地居民的健康.     

苏州卫生职业技术学院高职学生膳食营养状况分析

[目的]了解苏州卫生职业技术学院高职学生的膳食营养状况,比较分析开设营养相关课程对学生营养状况的促进情况,并为高职学生的营养问题提出合理化建议。[方法]采用称重法,膳食频率调查法和24h回顾法对420名住宿高职学生进行膳食调查。[结果]①除蛋白质、维生素PP、维生素E、磷外,两组学生的热能和其余营养素摄入均不足,甚至严重不足,特别是钙。②两组学生的三大物质供能比例均不合理,其中脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化物供能比例偏低;两组学生的三餐热能分配均不合理,早餐热能偏低,晚餐热能偏高。③护理专业学生（开设营养相关课程）与非护理专业（未开设营养相关课程）学生比较,热能和各种营养素摄入差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.01）。[结论]护理专业学生（开设营养相关课程）的膳食营养状况优于非护理专业的学生（未开设营养相关课程）,高职院校应开设营养相关课程,强化学生的合理营养理念,以提高营养水平。     

西安市小学生睡眠现状调查分析

【目的】了解西安市小学生的睡眠现状，以期对改善儿童睡眠质量有一定帮助。【方法】采用分层随机整群抽样的方法抽取西安市2037名小学生为研究对象，采用修订后的《小学生家庭社会环境与睡眠健康问卷》对儿童家长进行调查。【结果】2037名小学生中睡眠障碍者834例（40．94％），其中男生455例（54．56％），女生379例（45．44％）；1～3年级有睡眠障碍者322例（38．61％），4～6年级512例（61．39％），不同性别、不同年级差异均有非常显著性（P均〈0．01）。且睡眠时间随年级升高而逐渐减少，原因居前三位为失眠（57．3％）、说梦话（15．3％）、打鼾（11．9％）。多因素Logistic回归分析后发现有4个因素进入回归方程，依次为：看电视时间、家人就寝时间、作业过多及父母或照养人文化程度。【结论】西安市小学生睡眠时间不足，睡眠障碍的发生率较高，主要影响因素为学业繁重，学校及家庭施加压力过大。