多发性上尿路上皮癌的临床病理特点及预后分析

目的:探讨多发性上尿路上皮癌(UTUC)的临床和病理特点及预后。方法:回顾性分析230例UTUC患者的临床和病理资料,比较多发性UTUC与单发性UTUC组间的病理TN分期、Grade分级、合并膀胱内肿瘤有无差异(χ2检验)以及两组间术后生存时间是否相同(生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线及Wilcoxon检验)。结果:38例患者术后病理诊断为多发性UTUC,与单发性UTUC相比,其预示着更高的病理分级(P=0.031)、分期(P<0.01)、淋巴结转移率(P=0.023)及合并膀胱肿瘤的比例(P=0.002)。术后随访3～302个月,平均随访30个月,发现死亡66例,其中多发性UTUC组死亡13例,术后3年总体生存率为40.0%(P=0.036)。结论:多发性UTUC具有更强的生物学侵袭特性,预后更差,治疗策略应选择根治性肾输尿管切除术,术后需要更严密随访。     

扩散张量成像和三维脑白质束示踪在多发性硬化中的临床应用

目的 探讨多发性硬化（MS）患者的MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质和T2WI上表现为正常的脑白质区（NAWM）的扩散张量成像（DTI）特点，并探讨DTI和三维脑白质束示踪技术对MS的应用价值。方法 对32例MS患者和32名与MS患者年龄性别配对的正常人进行头部DTI检查，生成表观扩散系数图（ADC）和部分各向异性图（FA），分别选取MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质区、NAWM区和对照组正常人相应脑白质区测量ADC值和FA值，并使用示踪技术做出三维脑白质束图像。结果 MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质区、NAWM区和对照组的ADC平均值分别为（1．233±0．119）、（0．973±0．098）、（0．748±0．089）×10^-3mm^2／s和（0．620±0．094）×10^-3mm^2／s，FA平均值分别为0．225±0．052、0．311±0．050、0．421±0．070和0．476±0．069。对MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质、NAWM数据进行随机区组方差分析最小显著差法检验，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质、NAWM分别和对照组配对t检验，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。用三维脑白质束图像可以观察到MS斑块。结论 使用DTI检查生成的ADC图和FA图可以有助于评价MS中各部位脑白质的改变。通过三维脑白质束示踪图像可以立体直观地显示MS斑块区白质束的异常。     

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: analysis of lesion development with diffusion-weighted MRI

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by replication of JC virus in oligodendrocytes of immunocompromised patients, is diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction-based demonstration of JC virus DNA. We investigated whether MRI might be used to assess disease activity. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was obtained in two patients with PML, in whom it was the only MRI sequence on which we could identify areas of progressive disease. The extent of abnormal diffusion appeared to correlate with the speed of clinical progression. DWI would thus seem to be of value in patients with PML.     

Multifocal motor neuropathy with high titers of anti‐MAG antibodies

Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein (anti‐MAG)‐associated neuropathy are clinically and electrophysiologically distinct entities. We describe a patient with characteristic features of both neuropathies, raising the possibility of an overlap syndrome. A 49‐year‐old patient reported a history of slowly progressive predominantly distal tetraparesis, with mild sensory deficits. Nerve conduction studies demonstrated persistent motor conduction blocks outside compression sites, typical of MMN. Laboratory findings revealed persistently high titers of anti‐MAG immunoglobulin Mλ (IgMλ) paraprotein in the context of a monoclonal gammapathy of unknown significance. Skin biopsy of distal lower limb revealed IgM positive terminal nerve perineurium deposits. This case suggests that the distinction between subtypes of chronic inflammatory neuropathies may not be as clear as initially thought, and that the pattern of pathogenicity of anti‐MAG antibodies may vary.     

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: value of diffusion-weighted and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and treatment control

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the replication of JC virus in oligodendrocytes of immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis usually relies on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based demonstration of JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. As previous reports have suggested that some patients may benefit from antiviral therapy, non-invasive early diagnosis is highly desirable. Repetitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations (two to nine) were obtained in seven patients (aged 40–67 years, six males, one female) with classical clinical and imaging findings of PML. Five patients had underlying hematological disorders and two acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen was positive for JC virus DNA in six patients. MRI sequences included T2-, T1- and diffusion-weighted (DW) images in all patients and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) in four cases. DTI was once performed at 3T, in the remaining patients at 1.5T. All patients received antiviral treatment with cidofovir in addition to the treatment of the underlying disorder. MRI showed areas of T2 hyperintensity with involvement of the subcortical U-fibers and restricted diffusion in all patients. Areas of diffusion abnormality correlated with disease progress. Contrast enhancement was encountered once after successful treatment and heralded clinical remission with virus elimination from the CSF. Hence, MRI including DW and contrast-enhanced images may be used to evaluate disease activity. Contrast enhancement may indicate an inflammatory response and thus herald immunologic virus elimination.     

A Novel Segment Classification for Multifocal and Multicentric Breast Cancer to Facilitate Breast‐Conservation Treatment

Breast conservation treatment (BCT) is an appropriate alternative to mastectomy for the treatment of unifocal breast cancer. Multifocal and multicentric breast cancers (MFMCBC) challenge conventional indications for BCT and are often treated with mastectomy. Following progress in treatment strategies for unifocal tumors, there was a movement to evaluate the use of BCT for MFMCBC. Now a growing body of evidence from retrospective data has emerged, demonstrating acceptable local control and overall survival rates with BCT for MFMCBC. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. One of the possible barriers to such trials is the absence of a standardized classification and nomenclature for MFMCBC at this point in time. A novel segment classification is presented in this article in an endeavor to overcome this deficiency and allow future work on this issue.     

Restoring immune suppression in the multiple sclerosis brain

Multiple sclerosis is a very disabling inflammatory demyelinating disease of the brain of unknown etiology. Current therapies can reduce new lesion development and partially prevent clinical disease activity, but none can halt the progression, or cure the disease. We will review current therapeutic strategies, which are mostly discussed in literature in terms of their effective inhibition of T cells. However, we argue that many of these treatments also influence the myeloid compartment. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that myelin phagocytosis by infiltrated macrophages and activated microglia is not just a hallmark of multiple sclerosis, but also a key determinant of lesion development and disease progression. We reason that severe side effects and/or insufficient effectiveness of current treatments necessitates the search for novel therapeutic targets, and postulate that these should aim at manipulation of the activation and phagocytic capacity of macrophages and microglia. We will discuss three candidate targets with high potential, namely the complement receptor 3, CD47–SIRPα interaction as well as CD200–CD200R interaction. Blocking the actions of complement receptor 3 could inhibit myelin phagocytosis, as well as migration of myeloid cells into the brain. CD47 and CD200 are known to inhibit macrophage/microglia activation through binding to their receptors SIRPα and CD200R, expressed on phagocytes. Triggering these receptors may thus dampen the inflammatory response. Our recent findings indicate that the CD200–CD200R interaction is the most specific and hence probably best-suited target to suppress excessive macrophage and microglia activation, and restore immune suppression in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis.     

不同人工晶体材料及设计方式对兔眼后囊混浊影响的实验研究

目的 对比3种不同材料及设计的人工晶体对兔眼晶状体后囊混浊的影响.方法 将实验动物48只随机分成A、B、C、D4个组,超声乳化摘除术后在囊袋内分别植入不同的人工晶体.A组植入三片式聚甲基丙稀酸甲酯(PMMA)材料、光学部边缘为圆形设计的人工晶体;B组植入三片式硅胶(Silicon)材料、光学部边缘也为圆形设计的人工晶体;c组植入丙烯酸酯(Acrylic)材料、光学部边缘为直角方型侧缘设计的人工晶体,D组作为空白对照组只行超声乳化晶体摘除术,未植入人工晶体.术后1 d、1周、1月、3月分别进行了术眼的裂隙灯检查及照像、术后3月行病理及电镜检查.结果 术后第1天,(1)前节炎症反应:A、B、C、组瞳孔区都有膜形成.角膜轻度水肿,D组瞳孔区未见膜形成,角膜轻度水肿.术后1周时A、B、C组前房闪光阳性,三组瞳孔区渗出膜均较前吸收,D组前房闪光消失,A、B、C组后囊膜清亮,D组(空白对照组)后囊膜已有明显混浊.术后1月时,A、B组瞳孔区渗出膜仍未完全吸收,前房闪光均阳性.C组瞳孔区渗出膜完全吸收.前房闪光消失.(2)后囊膜及人工晶体在囊袋内位置情况:术后1月A、B组中央视区后囊膜轻度混浊,并发现2组中各有10只眼人工晶体在囊袋内偏位和囊膜夹持.C组后囊膜清亮,有2只眼发生了囊膜夹持,其余10只眼的人工晶体在囊袋内具有良好的居中性,D组(空白对照组)后囊膜已完全混浊.术后3月时,A、B组中央视区后囊膜混浊情况相似,均较前更加明显,C组只有2例中央视区后囊膜有轻度的混浊,其它10例术眼均保持清亮.结论 C组单片式丙烯酸酯材料、光学部边缘为直角方型侧缘的人工晶体,可能对减少后囊膜混浊的发生,维持人工晶体正位有积极重要的作用.     

阶梯渐进衍射型多焦点人工晶状体植人术后的临床观察

目的观察阶梯渐进衍射型多焦点人工晶状体(ReSTOR MIOL)植入的临床效果。方法收集在我院行晶状体超声乳化白内障摘出联合ReSTOR MIOL植入术连续病例12例(15眼)作为实验组,随机选择同期20例(24眼)植入单焦点人工晶状体(SA60AT)作为对照组。观察手术并发症、术后视力、伪调节幅度及对比敏感度。结果末次随访时的裸眼和矫正远视力后的近视力实验组依次为4.74±0.09,4.72±0.07;对照组依次为4.42±0.10,4.39±0.08,两组差异均有统计学意义(t=6.37,8.12;P=0.00)。实验组调节幅(3.95±0.33)D高于对照组(2.06±1.20)D,差异有统计学意义(t=3.23;P=0.00)。各空间频率对比敏感度组间差异无统计学意义(t=1.29,0.76,-0.14,-1.15,0.33,-0.57,P=0.21,0.47,0.88,0.25,0.71,0.59)。结论ReSTOR MIOL可以为患者提供良好的近视力,不会降低对比敏感度。但其远期效果还需要大样本及更长时间的研究。     

Correction of high myopia with different phakic anterior chamber intraocular lenses: ICARE angle-supported lens and Verisyse iris-claw lens

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy, predictability and safety of implanting two models of anterior chamber IOLs for high myopia. Comparison of the refractive results between two groups of patients implanted with different IOLs.Materials and methods Forty eyes were implanted with phakic IOLs. The ICARE myopia lens was implanted in 20 eyes of 12 patients with preoperative myopia that ranged from −21.875 to −10.0. The mean patients‘ age was 30 years. The Verisyse IOL was implanted in 20 eyes of 12 patients with spherical equivalent of the refractive error from −21.625 to −10.375D, and the mean patients’ age was 32.25 years. The dioptric power of the intraocular lens was calculated by considering refraction, keratometry, and anterior chamber depth. The follow-up period was 12 months.Results Twelve months after surgery, the mean refractive error (SE) was −0.19D (100% of eyes were within ±1.0D of the target refraction) in the ICARE group, and −0.86D (95% of eyes were within ±1.0D of the target refraction) in the Verisyse group. The postoperative refraction remained stable during the entire follow-up period. The mean uncorrected visual acuity was 0.7 in the ICARE group, and 0.69 in the Verisyse group 1 year postoperatively. There was no loss in visual acuity 1 year after surgery in the ICARE implanted eyes, one patient in the Verisyse group lost 1 line of BCVA as compared to the preoperative state. Mean endothelial cell density loss was 6.12% and 6.79% in the ICARE and Verisyse groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the analyzed outcome parameters between the two study groups.Conclusion The implantation of both anterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses to correct high myopia resulted in a stable and predictable refractive outcome. Efficacy and safety of surgery for both implanted lens models are very high.This material was previously presented at the American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting in New Orleans, October 2004.The authors have no financial interest in this study. This was prospective randomized clinical trial.