Acute heart failure syndromes and coronary perfusion

Acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS), with a high post-discharge mortality and rehospitalization rate, represent a significant public health burden. The treatment of patients hospitalized with AHFS often includes the use of vasoactive medications such as inotropes and vasodilators. Although such agents are frequently used, their safety and efficacy remain controversial. A significant number of patients with heart failure have underlying coronary artery disease and may be at greater risk from hemodynamic alterations that can diminish coronary perfusion. In AHFS, the relationship among vasoactive medications, coronary perfusion, and potential myocardial injury needs further investigation. Newer techniques now available to evaluate coronary perfusion should provide guidance for the evaluation of existing and future vasoactive therapies for AHFS.     

实验性口腔粘膜炎性损害的抗氧化防治机理研究Ⅰ.口腔粘膜微循环观测

利用氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）诱导的金黄地鼠颊囊急性炎症损害模型，采用活体微循环观察法及透射电镜技术，观测颊囊粘膜微循环的动态变化。结果显示：模型组动物颊囊粘膜微循环出现严重障碍，而ＳＯＤ组的微循环损害却明显减轻。推测ＳＯＤ通过有效清除组织中过量的ＯＦＲ，起到保护口腔粘膜微循环的作用     

重组人尿激酶原与替罗非班联用病灶内或冠脉内给药对ST段抬高型心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者术后心肌微循环、血管内皮功能和血清心肌酶指标的影响

目的 探讨重组人尿激酶原与替罗非班联用病灶内或冠脉内对ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）患者术后心肌微循环、血管内皮功能和血清心肌酶、白细胞介素-18（IL-18）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、丙二醛（MDA）水平的影响。方法 回顾性选择 2018 年 7 月—2021 年 10 月于合肥市第八人民医院接受急诊 PCI 治疗的 120 例STEMI患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方案不同分为对照组（n＝60）和试验组（n＝60）。其中试验组于病灶内联用重组人尿激酶原与替罗非班治疗,对照组则于冠脉内联用重组人尿激酶原与替罗非班治疗。分别于急诊PCI前后比较两组患者的心肌梗死溶栓治疗（TIMI）血流分级、TIMI心肌灌注分级（TMPG）以及校正TIMI血流帧数计数（cTFC）。记录术后24 h内两组心肌酶［肌酸激酶及其同工酶（CK、CK-MB）、心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）］峰值。分别于急诊PCI术前和术后24 h、7 d时检测两组患者的血管内皮功能指标［内皮素-1（ET-1）、一氧化氮（NO）］以及血清 IL-18、MMP-9、MDA水平。统计两组急诊 PCI术后 6个月随访期间主要不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）发生情况,以及住院期间出血事件发生率。结果 试验组急诊 PCI术后即刻 TIMI 3级、TMPG 3级患者占比（96.67%、95.00%）均显著高于对照组（86.67%、83.33%,P＜0.05）。两组急诊PCI术后即刻cTFC均较术前显著降低（P＜0.05）,且以试验组下降更显著（P＜0.05）。两组术后24 h内各项心肌酶指标（LDH、CK、CK-MB）的峰值均较术前显著升高（P＜0.05）,且试验组术后 24 h 内各项心肌酶指标（LDH、CK、CK-MB）的峰值均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。与术前相比,两组术后24 h血清ET-1、IL-18、MMP-9、MDA水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）,术后7 d以上指标则均显著降低（P＜0.05）。两组术后24 h血清NO浓度均较术前显著下降（P＜0.05）,而术后7 d均较术前显著升高（P＜0.05）。且术后24 h、7 d,试验组血清ET-1、IL-18、MMP-9、MDA水平均显著低于同期对照组（P＜0.05）,血清NO浓度则均显著高于同期对照组（P＜0.05）。6个月随访期间,试验组MACCE发生率（5.00%）比对照组（16.67%）显著降低（P＜0.05）。住院期间,试验组出血事件发生率（6.67%）与对照组（10.00%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 病灶内或冠脉内联用重组人尿激酶原与替罗非班均能改善STEMI急诊PCI患者术后心肌微循环,减轻血管内皮损伤及心肌损伤,降低机体炎症及氧化应激水平,但病灶内给药的效果更为明显。     

Platelet-dependent accumulation of leukocytes in sinusoids mediates hepatocellular damage in bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis

BACKGROUND: Although it is well known that extrahepatic cholestasis induces liver damage, the mechanisms are still not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of platelets and P-selectin in cholestasis-induced liver injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: C57BL/6 mice underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) and pretreatment with an anti-GP1balpha antibody, which depletes platelets, an anti-P-selectin antibody or a control antibody. Hepatic platelet and leukocyte recruitment as well as microvascular perfusion were determined by intravital fluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS: BDL caused significant liver damage and sinusoidal perfusion failure. BDL further induced hepatic platelet accumulation with widespread intravascular platelet aggregates, increased platelet adhesion in postsinusoidal venules and massive platelet accumulation in liver sinusoids. Administration of the anti-GP1balpha antibody reduced systemic platelet count by 90%. Depletion of platelets in BDL mice not only abolished accumulation and adhesion of platelets in sinusoids and venules but also restored sinusoidal perfusion and reduced liver enzymes by more than 83%. Platelet depletion further reduced BDL-associated sinusoidal leukocyte accumulation by 48% although leukocyte-endothelium interactions in venules were not affected. Immunoneutralization of P-selectin also inhibited hepatic microvascular accumulation of platelets and leukocytes, and protected against cholestasis-provoked hepatocellular damage. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Platelets play an important role in BDL-induced liver injury by promoting leukocyte recruitment and deteriorating microvascular perfusion. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that cholestasis-induced accumulation of platelets is mediated by P-selectin. Thus, targeting platelet accumulation may be a useful strategy against liver damage associated with obstructive jaundice.     

线粒体通透性转换孔在冠脉微循环障碍中的研究进展

由于冠脉微循环障碍的发生机制比较复杂,临床上治疗冠脉微循环的药物疗效均未得到充分肯定,线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,mPTP)的开放因会引起冠脉微循环细胞功能异常而成为当前治疗冠脉微循环障碍的热点研究靶标。本文就近几年国内外关于mPTP在冠脉微循环障碍中的作用研究进展进行简要讨论。     

Continuous intra-arterial application of substance P induces signs and symptoms of experimental complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) such as edema, inflammation and mechanical pain but no thermal pain

Substance P is involved in nociception in both the peripheral nervous system and the CNS and has been documented to play a crucial role in the complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). So far, however, most experimental animal models are restricted to the effect of neurokinin-1 receptor blockers to inhibit substance P and do not directly evaluate its action. Thus, this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that local application of substance P causes signs and symptoms of CRPS. For this purpose rats received a continuous infusion of either substance P or saline over 24 h delivered by a mini-osmotic pump connected to an intrafemoral catheter. Animals were analyzed at either day 1 (n=6, each group) or day 4 (n=5, each group) after start of infusion. Substance P application caused a significant and long-lasting decrease in paw withdrawal thresholds upon mechanical stimulation, while animals did not present with thermal allodynia at days 1 and 4 after onset of infusion. In addition, severe s.c. edema was observed in all animals receiving substance P. In vivo fluorescence microscopy of the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the affected hind paw revealed enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction with a significant rise in the number of leukocytes both rolling along and firmly adhering to the wall of postcapillary venules, while saline-exposed animals were free of this local inflammatory response. Muscle cell apoptosis, as assessed by in vivo bisbenzimide staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling analysis and caspase 3-cleavage, could not be observed in either of the animals. In summary, the present study indicates that substance P is responsible for neurogenic inflammation, including local cell response, edema formation and mechanical pain, while it seems not to contribute to the generation of thermal allodynia.     

Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and critical appraisal

Nailfold capillaroscopy is an easy, non-invasive technique to assess microvascular involvement in rheumatic diseases. Multiple studies describe capillaroscopic changes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including a wide range of non-specific findings. On behalf of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) study group on microcirculation in rheumatic diseases, a systematic review was done to obtain all original research studies (in English) in which SLE patients had capillaroscopy. Forty such studies are identified. This article firstly provides a résumé of the results of these studies according to capillaroscopic parameters (density, dimensions, morphology, haemorrhages), semi-quantitative assessment and qualitative assessment of capillaroscopy in SLE patients. Secondly, the correlations between capillaroscopic parameters in SLE patients and clinical and laboratory parameters (including auto-immune parameters) are outlined. The following capillaroscopic parameters are found to be significantly more prevalent in SLE patients compared to healthy controls: tortuous capillaries, abnormal morphology and haemorrhages. Hairpin-shaped capillaries are significantly less prevalent than in healthy persons. The semi-quantitatively determined nailfold capillaroscopic score (NFC score) in SLE patients is also higher than in healthy controls. Several correlations between clinical and laboratory parameters and capillaroscopic parameters are identified in the review. Disease activity is correlated with NFC score in seven studies, with abnormal morphology (i.e. “meandering”) in one study and with haemorrhages in one study. Frequent attacks of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and gangrene are significantly correlated with dilated capillaries. In two studies a possible correlation between anti-SSA antibodies and lower density of capillaries is withheld. About other immune parameters conflicting results are found. In one study a significant negative correlation is found between 24-hour proteinuria and abnormal morphology (i.e. “meandering”). For the first time, an overview of the nailfold capillaroscopic changes that have been described in SLE and their correlations with clinical and laboratory findings is given. Further large-scale research on the identification of capillaroscopic changes in SLE and their correlations with standardised clinical and laboratory parameters, is ongoing at the EULAR study group on microcirculation in rheumatic diseases.     

艾灸对甲襞微循环的影响的研究

目的　研究健康人甲襞微循环对艾灸的效应。方法　选健康人30名,年龄2 1±3岁,采用江西协达公司生产的XDM Ⅰ型微循环仪,专人操作,于艾灸前及艾灸后测试甲襞微循环变化。结果　艾灸八邪及三阴交后,甲襞微循环各指标有明显变化,血流速度有非常显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。红细胞聚集程度、流态积分、管周积分均有显著性差异(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　艾灸八邪及三阴交可明显改善甲襞微循环,红细胞积聚性下降,血流速度加快。     

头部中药离子透入法对球结膜微循环的作用

本文介绍了一种治疗脑动脉缺血的老年病人的方法,该方法通过直流电离子导入中药液或纯直流电治疗。治疗前后,通过观察彩色眼结膜微循环的变化,病人回声脑电图,发现中药液导入组明显好于纯直流电治疗组。