Parainfluenza type 3 infection post stem cell transplant: high prevalence but low mortality

Parainfluenza type 3 (PIV 3) is a well-recognized cause of respiratory illness after stem cell transplantation (SCT), with an estimated incidence of 2-7% and a high mortality rate associated with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). A 12-month retrospective study was undertaken in which 23 positive cases of PIV 3 occurred in SCT recipients. The frequency of infection was 36.1% in matched unrelated donor SCT recipients, 23.8% in sibling allogeneic SCT recipients and 2.3% in autologous transplant recipients. Seventeen cases were outpatient or community acquired despite standard infection control measures. Eleven patients only developed upper respiratory tract symptoms. LRTI symptoms developed in 12 patients, of whom eight had a new infiltrate on chest X-ray. Overall mortality at 30 days from PIV 3 diagnosis was 4% (one patient). Four patients died within 100 days of PIV 3 diagnosis, but PIV 3 was not believed to be the primary cause of death in any of these patients. Early ribavirin was used in eight patients and only one patient who received ribavirin died. These results suggest a higher prevalence of PIV 3 but a lower mortality than documented previously, particularly in allogeneic transplant recipients. The authors propose that the high prevalence reflects the unit's policy of active surveillance for respiratory viruses and the difficulty in preventing transmission of PIV 3, especially in the outpatient setting during an outbreak period. Ribavirin treatment may improve outcome in patients with LRTI but is not required in all patients with PIV 3.     

大规模白内障复明手术中同时行胬肉切除联合球结膜瓣转移手术的应用

目的:探讨大规模白内障复明手术中对合并翼状胬肉的患者同时施行胬肉切除联合球结膜瓣转移术的安全性和有效性。方法:对36例老年性白内障合并翼状胬肉的患者,使用前房维持器行小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术,并行胬肉切除联合球结膜瓣移植,术后随访30～90(平均43.5)d。观察术后单纯球镜矫正视力、并发症、角膜愈合、角膜缘新生血管及球结膜是否有薄层胬肉样组织增生。结果:34例视力>0.3。角膜创面3～5d愈合,无1例胬肉复发,无新生血管生长及瘢痕组织增生现象。结论:防盲手术中对合并翼状胬肉的患者同时施行胬肉切除联合球结膜瓣转移术是安全和有效的。     

Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors in immunocompromised patients: Six case reports

BACKGROUNDEpstein-Barr virus associated smooth muscle tumor (EBV-SMT) is a rare oncological entity. However, there is an increasing incidence of EBV-SMTs, as the frequency of organ transplantation and immunosuppression grows. EBV-SMT diagnosis relies on histopathology and immunochemical staining to distinguish it from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). There is no clear consensus on the treatment of EBV-SMTs. However, surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunosuppression reduction have been explored with varying degrees of success. CASE SUMMARYOur case series includes six cases of EBV-SMTs across different age groups, with different treatment modalities, adding to the limited existing literature on this rare tumor. The median latency time between immunosuppression and disease diagnosis is four years. EBV-SMTs present with variable degrees of aggressiveness and seem to have worse clinical outcomes in patients with tumor multiplicity and worse immunocompetency.CONCLUSIONIt is imperative to continue building on this knowledge and keeping EBV-SMTs on the differential in immunocompromised individuals.     

神经干细胞移植治疗小儿脑性瘫痪及所存在的问题

脑性瘫痪是儿童时期最常见且终生存在的运动性残疾,目前尚无有效治疗手段,细胞移植和基因治疗技术的飞速发展为治疗此类疾病带来了希望。近两年国内外出现有关神经干细胞移植治疗脑性瘫痪的报道,这给脑性瘫痪的治疗研究提供了新的思路。文章阐述了小儿脑性瘫痪的神经干细胞机制,并回顾近年来国内外关于神经干细胞移植在动物实验及临床中的有效应用,为神经干细胞治疗小儿脑性瘫痪的可行性提供依据。但神经干细胞移植治疗脑性瘫痪还存在一些问题：移植仍然存在免疫排斥反应;如何促进神经干细胞的快速增殖;如何实现神经干细胞的定向诱导分化;如何评价神经干细胞移植以后患儿的改善情况,移植时机,移植量,移植部位,移植方式等一系列问题均有待于基础和临床学科的共同研究和探讨。     

试述我国器官移植的伦理原则

我国器官移植虽然起步较晚，但发展较快。目前，人体器官捐献者与受体的比例相差悬殊，供体的严重匮乏是制约我国器官移植工作开展的重要原因。文章从伦理学角度，就器官移植中的现实问题进行了探讨。     

Donation after cardiac death liver transplantation is associated with increased risk of end‐stage renal disease

Limited organ supply has led to greater use of liver allografts with higher donor risk indices (DRI) and/or donated after cardiac death (DCD). DCD status is associated with acute kidney injury after liver transplantation; however, less is known about the association between donor quality and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Using SRTR data, we assembled a cohort of liver transplant recipients from 2/2002 to 12/2010. We fit multivariable Cox regression models for ESRD. Model 1 included total DRI; model 2 included components of DRI, including DCD, as separate variables. Forty thousand four hundred and sixty‐three liver transplant recipients were included. Median DRI was 1.40 (IQR 1.14, 1.72); 1822 (5%) received DCD livers. During median follow‐up of 3.93 years, ESRD occurred in 2008 (5%) and death in 11 075 (27%) subjects. There was a stepwise increase in ESRD risk with higher DRI (DRI ≥1.14 and <1.40: HR 1.17, P = 0.06; DRI ≥1.40 and <1.72: HR 1.29, P = 0.003; DRI ≥1.72: HR 1.39, P < 0.001, compared with DRI <1.14). Adjusting for DRI components separately, DCD status was most strongly associated with ESRD (HR 1.40, P = 0.008). Higher DRI is associated with ESRD after liver transplantation, driven in part by DCD status. Donor quality is an important predictor of long‐term renal outcomes in liver transplant recipients.     

肾移植术后恶性肿瘤的发生(附5例报告)

198例肾移植患者中发生恶性肿瘤5例,其中胸膜鳞癌、非何杰金氏淋巴瘤、食管癌各1例、膀胱癌2例。肿瘤恶性度较高,病程进展迅速,临床发病时已属晚期,未能行有效治疗,均于短期内死亡。结合文献复习讨论了肿瘤发生的病因学和临床处理。     

Eroded Valves,Recurrent Pleural Effusions,and Ultimately Heart–Liver Transplant

A patient with eroded tricuspid and pulmonic valves, who eventually developed elevated right atrial and systemic venous pressure that led to hepatic cirrhosis and recurrent pleural effusion, is presented. The complex issues involved over a long period in this patient, who ultimately required combined heart and liver transplant, are discussed.     

Treatment of Late Class II Antibody-Mediated Rejection Status Postkidney Transplantation: Two Case Reports

We are describing the successful treatment of two cases of late Class II antibody mediated rejection status postkidney transplantation. The first patient was treated with a combination of plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and stenting of the transplanted renal artery. The second was treated with IVIG and pulse steroids.