Transtracheal jet ventilation

Transtracheal jet ventilation is a technique for ventilation of apnoeic lungs. This article outlines the indications, equipment required, insertion technique and complications of transtracheal jet ventilation. It can be used electively to aid management of the difficult airway and for laryngeal surgery. It also has a vital role in the management of the ‘can't intubate – can't ventilate’ scenario. Death and hypoxic brain damage under anaesthesia are fortunately rare, but most commonly occur as a result of problems with tracheal intubation. No patient should suffer hypoxic brain damage without an attempt at transtracheal ventilation being made.     

芬太尼复合不同浓度七氟醚吸入诱导对气管插管反应的影响

目的:比较肺活量吸入诱导法中不同七氟醚维持诱导浓度对气管插管反应的影响.方法:选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,年龄20~50岁,将择期行腹腔镜手术的女性患者60例随机分为A、B、C三组各20例.各组诱导前静脉注射2μg·kg-1芬太尼,2 min后使用肺活量法吸入8%七氟醚,意识消后失立即静脉注射0.2 mg·kg-1顺式阿曲库铵,同时三组分别换用3%,5%和8%七氟醚维持诱导,面罩机械通气3 min后气管插管,使用Narcotrend监测诱导期的麻醉深度,记录诱导过程中和气管插管后意识消失的时间,气道反应及血流动力学变化.结果:(1)插管前C组MBP下降最明显,达基础值(MBPbase)的33.6%(P <0.001);(2)插管后1min,三组MBP上升至最大值,与MBPbase相比无统计学差异(P >0.05);与插管前相比,三组上升幅度为A组34.9%(P <0.01)、B组27.7%(P <0.001)和C组32.9%(P <0.01).插管后2 min三组HR上升到最大值,与插管前比较,三组上升幅度分别为A组20.0%(P <0.01)、B组15.2%(P <0.001)和C组20.6%(P <0.01).(3)诱导插管过程中,C组MBPmin较MBPbase下降42.2%(P <0.001),C组HRmax较HRbase升高22.3%(P <0.01).(4)C组MBP降低<30% MBPbase和HR升高>100次/分的发生率均高于A、B组(P <0.001).结论:芬太尼2μg·kg-1复合3%、5%、8%七氟醚吸入诱导均可减轻气管插管反应,芬太尼与5%七氟醚复合诱导血流动力学最稳定.     

在头戴式放大镜直视下小鼠气管插管方法的建立

目的建立并评价一种新的小鼠气管插管方法。方法30只NIH小鼠分设A、B、C组(n=10),麻醉后特殊体位固定,在头戴式放大镜直视下施行气管插管。A组小鼠经套管注射美蓝,死后解剖判断插管成功与否;B组插管后即拔管,隔天1次,连续2周。C组仅麻醉但不插管,方法同B组。在实验的最后1天,B、C组小鼠的处理同A组。结果所有小鼠死后解剖可见气管下端至肺部均有蓝色物质浸染,插管成功率为100%,B组小鼠经多次插管操作仍能健康存活,与C组比较未发现生长迟缓、体重明显减低等情况。结论我们建立的小鼠气管插管方法操作简单、易学、可重复性强,值得推广。     

气管插管全麻术中预防气道感染的临床研究

目的观察一次性病毒/细菌过滤器在气管插管全麻术中预防气道感染的应用价值,为临床预防策略的制定提供参考。方法选择2011年3月-2013年3月接受气管插管全麻手术的患者76例,按照随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组各38例;观察组应用一次性病毒/细菌过滤器,而对照组则未用,分别在麻醉前和手术结束时用无菌棉签采集麻醉机呼气端、吸气端表面标本行细菌学检测;在手术结束时收集钠石灰罐底部10g钠石灰行细菌学检测,对比两组患者的检测结果和术后24h内气道感染发生率。结果两组患者在麻醉开始前麻醉机呼气端、吸气端细菌学培养结果均为阴性;手术结束时,麻醉机吸气端、呼气端和钠石灰的细菌学培养阳性率均为0,对照组分别为5.26%、42.11%和15.79%,观察组细菌培养阳性率均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后24h内气道感染发生率观察组为2.63%,显著低于对照组的18.62%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论麻醉机气管插管全麻可增加患者气道感染的机会,通过一次性病毒/细菌过滤器、及时更换钠石灰等措施,可有效预防气道感染的发生。     

Understanding and improving airway management in companion animals - part 1

Airway Management, briefly taught within the veterinary nursing curriculum, is performed many times a day and a vital part of the anaesthesia process. Students are shown how to place an endotracheal tube, taught little about dead-space and airway resistance but, although there are many publications on the pitfalls of intubation, it is often sub-optimally managed in a busy clinic. To provide excellent, safe airway management for our patients, we must understand the history, mechanics and pitfalls about the process: It is only then can we truly apply better techniques in order to improve both care and safety to our patients.     

Major complications of airway management: a prospective multicentre observational study

We conducted an observational study of serious airway complications, using similar methods to the fourth UK National Audit Project (NAP4) over a period of 1 year across four hospitals in one region in the UK. We also conducted an activity survey over a week, using NAP4 methods to yield an estimate for relevant denominators to help interpret the primary data. There were 17 serious airway complications, defined as: failed airway management leading to cancellation of surgery (eight); airway management in recovery (five); unplanned intensive care admission (three); and unplanned emergency front of neck access (one). There were no reports of death or brain damage. This was an estimate of 0.028% (1 in 3600) complications using the denominator of 61,000 general anaesthetics per year in the region. Complications in patients with ‘predicted easy’ airways were rare (approximately 1 in 14,200), but 45 times more common in those with ‘predicted difficult’ airways (approximately 1 in 315). Airway management in both groups was similar (induction of anaesthesia followed by supraglottic airway or tracheal tube). Use of awake/sedation intubation, videolaryngoscopy and high-flow nasal oxygenation were uncommon even in the predicted difficult airway patients (in 2.7%, 32.4% and 9.5% of patients, respectively). We conclude that the incidence of serious airway complications is at least as high as it was during NAP4. Despite airway prediction being used, this is not informing subsequent management.     

Prospective randomized controlled trial evaluating cap-assisted colonoscopy vs standard colonoscopy

AIM: To study the significance of cap-fitted colonoscopy in improving cecal intubation time and polyp detection rate. METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized controlled trial conducted from March 2008 to February 2009 in a tertiary referral hospital at Sydney. The primary end point was cecal intubation time and the secondary endpoint was polyp detection rate. Consecutive cases of total colonoscopy over a 1-year period were recruited. Randomization into either standard colonoscopy (SC) or cap-assist...     

可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜在声门显露困难患者双腔支气管插管中的应用

目的探讨GlideScope可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜引导在声门显露困难患者双腔支气管插管中的应用。方法选择择期行胸科手术患者40例,男24例,女16例,年龄24~78岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为GlideScope可视喉镜组(GF组)和Macintosh喉镜组(M组),每组20例。GF组运用可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜引导进行支气管插管及对位;M组运用传统方法(先用Macintosh喉镜插管,再使用纤维支气管镜对位)。记录患者喉镜下声门显露程度Cormack-Lehane分级、插管时间、插管一次成功率、需喉部按压的患者例数以及术后48h内的声音嘶哑及咽痛情况。结果GF组Cormack-Lehane分级明显低于M组(P0.01)。GF组插管时间明显短于M组[(104.3±11.1)s vs.(138.6±33.0)s](P0.01),一次插管成功率明显高于M组(90%vs.55%)(P0.05),需要喉部按压患者比例明显低于M组(20%vs.90%)(P0.01),术后声音嘶哑和咽痛的发生率明显低于M组(5%vs.35%,25%vs.75%)(P0.05)。结论与传统方法比较,可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜引导用于声门显露困难患者可以提高插管的成功率,减少插管时的应激反应,降低声嘶和咽痛的发生率。