Ethnic differences in being overweight and obesity among male military conscripts born in Sweden between 1973 and 1975

Background: Ethnic differences in being overweight and obesitywere studied among 18 year old males in Sweden. Methods. Thisnationwide study was based on a record linkage between the MedicalBirth Register, the Register of Military Induction Examinationsand the Register of the Total Population. For 140,766 (87.8%)of the 160,247 males information was available on body massindex (BMI) and on their mothers' nationality. Results. Afteradjustment for education and geographical region the odds ratiofor being overweight was found to be higher among 18 year oldsons of immigrants from Finland (1.38 and 95% Cl: 1.26–1.52)than among sons of Swedish mothers. Similarly, the odds ratiofor being overweight was higher among the sons of immigrantsfrom former Eastern Europe (1.68 and 96% Cl: 1.46–1.94)than among sons of Swedish mothers. Conclusions: The risks ofbeing overweight and obesity were increased among the sons ofimmigrants from Finland and former Eastern Europe compared tosons of Swedish mothers.     

Epidemiology of prostatic cancer: a case-control study

A population-based case-control study of prostatic cancer in Alberta was undertaken to determine the risk factors associated with the disease. Cases were 382 newly diagnosed prostatic cancer patients and 625 controls, group-matched to the anticipated age distribution of the cases, chosen at random from the health insurance roster. Subjects were interviewed in their homes by using a pre-tested questionnaire including questions related to ethnic group, education, puberty, marital history, family history, residence, water supply, smoking, and diet. Factors significantly related to the risk of developing prostatic cancer included ethnic group (British high, Ukrainian low), education (elementary high, university low), age at first marriage (early high, late low), family history (high risk for those with relatives with prostatic cancer), and increased masculinity among the children of cases. The results with respect to smoking, occupation, medical history, birthplace, residence, water supply, and diet were generally negative.     

Harms and benefits: Collecting ethnicity data in a clinical context

Although ethnicity data are collected in most countries at the population level, it has become more common to collect such data in healthcare settings, partially in response to growing health and social inequities worldwide. However, the implications of doing so have not been studied. This two-year study was designed to critically examine the implications of collecting ethnicity data in healthcare settings. Using a critical ethnographic approach, we interviewed 104 patients, community and healthcare leaders, and healthcare workers within diverse clinical contexts in a large city in Western Canada in 2006–2007. This paper presents an interpretive thematic analysis, using an ethical lens, of the harms and benefits associated with the process of data collection in a clinical context. While most leaders and healthcare workers and some patients envisioned potential benefits associated with having ethnicity data, these benefits were seen as largely contingent upon action being taken to ameliorate inequities. Overwhelmingly, however, leaders from ethno-cultural communities and patients of diverse identities anticipated potential harm arising both from having ethnicity data and the process of collection. The analysis illustrates that in today's sociopolitical context, collecting ethnicity data in clinical contexts may engender considerable harm, particularly for racialized, vulnerable patients. If ethnicity data are currently collected at the population level, evidence of benefit is required before proceeding to collect these data at the point of care.     

Tribological testing of skin products: gender, age, and ethnicity on the volar forearm

Background/purpose: Few studies have focused on the simultaneous measurement of the friction and electrical properties of skin. This work investigates the feasibility of using these measurements to differentiate between the effects of chemicals commonly applied to the skin. In addition, this study also compares the condition of the skin and its response to application of chemicals across gender, ethnicity, and age at the volar forearm.
Method: Friction and electrical tests were performed on 59 healthy volunteers with the UMT Series Micro-Tribometer (UMT). A 13-mm-diameter copper cylindrical friction/electrical probe was pressed onto the skin with a weight of 20 g and moved across the skin at a constant velocity of 0.4 mm/s. Each volunteer served as his or her own control. The friction and electrical impedance measurements were performed for polyvinylidene chloride occlusion and for the application of glycerin and petrolatum.
Results: No differences were found across age, gender, or ethnicity at the volar forearm. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) occlusion showed a small increase in the friction and a small decrease in the electrical impedance; petrolatum increased the friction by a greater amount but its effect on the impedance was comparable to PVDC occlusion; glycerin increased the friction by an amount comparable to petrolatum, but it decreased the impedance to a much greater degree than petrolatum or the PVDC occlusion. An amplitude/mean measurement of the friction curves of glycerin and petrolatum showed that glycerin has a significantly higher amplitude/mean than petrolatum.
Conclusion: The properties of the volar forearm appear to be independent of age, gender, and ethnicity. Also, the simultaneous measurement of friction and electrical impedance was useful in differentiating between compounds administered to the skin.     

Participation Patterns in Home‐Based Family Support Programs: Ethnic Variations*

This study investigated the relationship between ethnicity and retention among families participating in a national network of home‐based family support programs. Using archival data collected on 224 African American, 227 European American, and 219 Latino American mothers of newborns and 153 home visitors, multivariate analyses indicate greater participation by African American and Latino parents as compared with European American parents. Retention predictors vary by ethnicity. Strategies to form a supportive parent‐provider alliance are discussed.     

Ethnicity,Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease and Renal Diseases in South Africa

This paper reviews the impact of race and environment upon hypertension, coronary heart disease and renal diseases in South Africa. Inequalities of socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and access to South African health care have produced striking differences in the prevalence and complications of hypertension. Coronary heart disease is ‘epidemic’ in the white and Indian population and is still relatively uncommon in blacks. There are different histological patterns of glomerulonephritis among the racial groups, which may lead to end‐stage renal disease. Hypertension is an important cause of end‐stage renal disease in the black population whilst analgesic nephropathy is important in the white population. Efforts are now being made to comprehend these daunting realities and to minimize the inequalities.     

Cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine response to static exercise in normotensive blacks and whites

Objectives. The objectives of the present study were (1) to evaluate the presser response to an isometric handgrip exercise in normotensive black and white males; (2) to measure plasma catecholamine levels pre‐ and post‐exercise, as an index of sympathetic nervous system activity; and (3) to quantify the pressor response to bolus intravenous injections of phenylephrine (an α‐specific agonist).

Methods. Cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to an isometric handgrip exercise (3 minutes at 30% MVC) were measured in 15 normotensive blacks and whites. In another phase of the study, pressor responses to bolus injections of phenylephrine were assessed to evaluate α‐adrenergic sensitivity.

Results. The blood pressure in the blacks increased from 119/69 to 160/120 mm HG during isometric exercise, while in the whites it increased from 118/67 to 153/110 mm HG. The blacks exhibited a greater diastolic blood pressure reactivity, as evidenced by a significant race × time interaction (p < 0.05). The heart rate responses were not significantly different between the two groups. The plasma levels of norepinephrine were similar at rest, but were 25% lower in the blacks than in the whites following isometric exercise (p < 0.01). Black subjects also demonstrated an increased pressor response to intravenous injections of phenylephrine at rest (p<0.05).

Conclusions. The enhanced vascular sensitivity to norepinephrine may have contributed to the greater exercise pressor response in the blacks.     

Incidence of intraductal carcinoma,multifocality and bilateral significant disease in radical prostatectomy specimens from Japan and United States

Significant differences, including epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic and genetic, exist between Asian and Caucasian prostate cancer. Detailed pathologic data are, however, scarce. We studied in detail and compared the pathological features of prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens in 228 patients (117 Japan, 111 US). Japanese prostate cancer had a higher Gleason grade group (mean 2.67 vs. 2.42 US, P < 0.05), but lower pathological stage (72 % pT2 and 28 % pT3 vs 55 % pT2 and 45 % pT3 US, P < 0.05). Japanese cancer showed significantly more tumor foci (3.8 vs 2.9 US, P < 0.05), and higher incidence of bilateral significant disease (81.3 % vs. 66.7 % US, P < 0.05). The dominant tumor nodules in Japanese cases had higher Gleason grade group (mean 2.73 vs. 2.40 US, P < 0.05). The incidence of intraductal carcinoma was significantly higher in Japanese patients (35.3 % vs. 12.6 % US, P < 0.01), which was independent of Gleason score (7: 30.9 % Japan vs 11.8 % US, P < 0.01; ≥ 8: 87.5 % Japan vs 28.6 % US, P < 0.01) and tumor stage (pT2: 24.1 % Japan vs 6.6 % US, P < 0.01; pT3: 62.9 % Japan vs 20 % US, P < 0.01). These findings demonstrate distinct pathological features in prostate cancer between Japanese and Caucasian patients, and may have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.     

Ethnic differences in cancer symptom awareness and barriers to seeking medical help in England

Background:

Ethnic differences in cancer symptom awareness and barriers to seeking medical help in the English population are not fully understood. We aimed to quantify these differences, to help develop more effective health campaigns, tailored to the needs of different ethnic groups.

Methods:

Using a large national data set (n=38 492) of cross-sectional surveys that used the Cancer Research UK Cancer Awareness Measure, we examined how cancer symptom awareness and barriers varied by ethnicity, controlling for socio-economic position, age and gender. Data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results:

Awareness of cancer symptoms was lower in minority ethnic groups than White participants, with the lowest awareness observed among Bangladeshis and Black Africans. Ethnic minorities were more likely than White British to report barriers to help-seeking. South Asians reported the highest emotional barriers, such as lack of confidence to talk to the doctor, and practical barriers, such as worry about many other things. The Irish were more likely than the White British to report practical barriers, such as being too busy to visit a doctor. White British participants were more likely than any other ethnic group to report that they would feel worried about wasting the doctor''s time. Overall, Black Africans had the lowest barriers. All differences were statistically significant (P<0.01 level), after controlling for confounders.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest the need for culturally sensitive and targeted health campaigns, focused on improving recognition of cancer symptoms among ethnic minorities. Campaigns should tackle the specific barriers prevalent in each ethnic group.     

Cancer fear and fatalism among ethnic minority women in the United Kingdom

Background:

Cancer fear and fatalism are believed to be higher in ethnic minorities and may contribute to lower engagement with cancer prevention and early detection. We explored the levels of cancer fear and fatalism in six ethnic groups in the United Kingdom and examined the contribution of acculturation and general fatalism.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey of 720 White British, Caribbean, African, Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi women (120 of each) was conducted. Three items assessed cancer fear and two cancer fatalism. Acculturation was assessed using (self-reported) migration status, ability to speak English, and understanding of health leaflets; general fatalism with a standard measure.

Results:

Relative to White British women, African and Indian women were more fearful of cancer, Bangladeshi women less fearful, and Pakistani and Caribbean women were similar to White British women. Cancer fatalism was higher in all the ethnic minority groups compared with White British women. Less acculturated women were less likely to worry (ORs 0.21–0.45, all P<0.05) or feel particularly afraid (ORs 0.11–0.31, all P<0.05) but more likely to feel uncomfortable about cancer (ORs 1.97–3.03, all P<0.05). Lower acculturation (ORs 4.30–17.27, P<0.05) and general fatalism (OR 2.29, P<0.05) were associated with the belief that cancer is predetermined.

Conclusions:

In general, cancer fear and fatalism are more prevalent among ethnic minority than White British women and even more so in less acculturated ethnic minorities. This may affect their participation in cancer prevention and early detection.