Renal function and structure in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: In type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy the cause of albuminuria is heterogeneous and our knowledge of the relationship between kidney structure and function in these patients is limited. Therefore, a long-term study evaluating the structural-functional relationship in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy was performed. METHODS: Mesangial volume of total glomerular volume (Vv (mes/glom)), fractional area of focal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy of cortical area (FF) and percentage of sclerosed glomeruli (S/G) were measured on kidney biopsies from 49 type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined at least 3 times (median 8 (range 3-20)) in each patient. Patients were followed for 7.0 (1.1-17) years. Albuminuria and blood pressure were measured every 3-6 months. RESULTS: Biopsies revealed diabetic glomerulopathy (DG-group) in 69% of the patients (27 male/7 female) and normal glomerular structure (n=9) or glomerulonephritis (n=6) were found in 31% (13 male/2 female) (NDG-group). In the DG-group GFR decreased from 97+/-5 to 66+/-5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (mean+/-SE) (P<0.001), with a rate of decline in GFR of 5.3+/-0.8 ml/min/year and in the NDG-group from 93+/-7 to 74+/-11 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (P<0.01), with a rate of decline in GFR of 3.2+/-0.9 ml/min/year, P=0.09 between groups. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased from 109+/-2 to 100+/-2 mm Hg (P<0.001) (DG-group) and remained unchanged in the NDG-group. An association between Vv (mes/glom) and rate of decline in GFR was revealed mainly in the NDG-group (DG-group; r=0.31, P=0.07 and NDG-group; r=0.74, P<0.01). Furthermore, the rate of decline in GFR seemed to be associated with FF in the NDG group (r=0.48, P=0.07). Percentage of S/G was not associated with the rate of decline in GFR. Vv (mes/glom) was associated with mean albuminuria during follow-up in the DG group; r=0.38, P<0.03 (NDG group; r=0.51, P=0.09). Albuminuria was an independent predictor of the rate of decline in GFR in both groups (DG-group; r=0.40, P<0.05 and NDG-group; r=0.61, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed a tendency to a faster rate of decline in GFR in the DG-group compared to the much smaller NDG-group, characterized by marked heterogeneity of the underlying kidney lesions and rate of GFR loss. A large mesangial volume fraction was associated with increased albuminuria and loss in GFR. Albuminuria acted as a progression promoter in both groups.     

膝下动脉血管成形术治疗糖尿病足

目的:研究小口径球囊(2～4mm)扩张膝下血管对糖尿病导致的下肢严重缺血(critica llimb ischaemia)的疗效。方法:对120例糖尿病导致的下肢严重缺血患者使用小口径球囊进行扩张。结果:成功地对110例患者进行了扩张,无严重并发症发生,成功率91.6%。踝肱指数平均0.85%。结论:小球囊扩张膝下血管对糖尿病导致的下肢严重缺血疗效显著,近期结果满意。     

Review: The role of microRNAs in kidney disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that modulate physiological and pathological processes by inhibiting target gene expression via blockade of protein translation or by inducing mRNA degradation. These miRNAs potentially regulate the expression of thousands of proteins. As a result, miRNAs have emerged rapidly as a major new area of biomedical research with relevance to kidney disease. MiRNA expression has been shown to differ between the kidney and other organs as well as between different kidney regions. Furthermore, miRNAs have been found to be functionally important in models of podocyte development, diabetic nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease. Of particular interest, podocyte-specific deletion of Dicer, a key enzyme in the biogenesis of miRNA, results in proteinuria and severe renal impairment in mice. One miRNA (miR-192) can also act as an effector of transforming growth factor-β activity in the high-glucose environment of diabetic nephropathy. Differential expression of miRNAs has been reported in kidney allograft rejection. It is anticipated that future studies involving miRNAs will generate new insights into the complex pathophysiology underlying various kidney diseases, generate diagnostic biomarkers and might be of value as therapeutic targets for progressive kidney diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight key miRNA developments in kidney diseases and how this might influence the diagnosis and management of patients with kidney disease in the future.     

基于MEBT／MEBO的ERK1／2和p38信号通路与糖尿病足免疫表达关系的研究

目的：观察烧伤皮肤再生医疗技术[湿润暴露疗法（MEBT）／湿润烧伤膏（MEBO）]对糖尿病足部创面组织细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）1／2和p38信号通路分子及免疫表达的调控作用及关系,探讨MEBT／MEBO对糖尿病足溃疡的修复机制。方法糖尿病足患者40例予MEBT／MEBO干预治疗,留取治疗前后创面组织行免疫组化检测ERK1／2和p38信号通路关键分子ERK1／2、p38、促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPKK6）、原癌基因（c‐myc）、Akt、活化复制因子2抗体（ATF2）及免疫因子IgA、IgM、IgG、C3c、C4c表达情况,并观察二者间关系。结果经MEBT／MEBO治疗后,39例患者足部创面面积有不同程度缩小,仅1例患者无明显变化,显效14例（35．00％）,有效25例（62．50％）,无效1例（2．50％）。治疗前后信号通路分子全阳性表达、免疫阳性表达（任一指标）及免疫阳性表达（具体指标）比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,在创面信号通路分子表达阳性率升高的同时,免疫因子阳性表达率亦升高。治疗前创面组织可见免疫因子极少量分布,治疗后创面组织免疫因子IgA、IgM、IgG、C3c、C4c呈广泛、弥漫分布。治疗前创面组织可见信号分子极少量分布,治疗后创面组织信号通路分子ERK1／2、p38、MAPKK6、c‐myc、Akt、ATF2呈广泛、弥漫分布。结论MEBT／MEBO可能促进了糖尿病足创面ERK1／2和p38信号通路分子及免疫表达,ERK1／2和p38信号通路及其交互作用可能通过增加创面组织免疫表达而促进了糖尿病足创面的愈合。     

温阳通络法组方汤剂治疗阳虚血瘀证型糖尿病周围神经病患者的效果评价

目的:探讨温阳通络法组方汤剂(当归四逆汤合黄芪桂枝五物汤加减)治疗阳虚血瘀证型糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)患者的效果。方法:连续选择2014年10月~2015年8月入我院门诊及住院DPN患者共60例,根据入院先后顺序将其随机分为对照组和观察组各30例,对照组给予标准医学治疗+甲钴胺注射液(弥可保)500μg肌肉注射,1次/d;观察组给予标准医学治疗+中药口服并沐足治疗,1剂/d,水煎400 m L,早晚各服用1次。药渣加适量水再煎30 min后泡足,水温38℃~40℃,泡25~30min,1次/d。2 w为1疗程。结果:1.2组患者的空腹血糖(FBG)和餐后2h血糖(P2h BG)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2.观察组患者的Toronto临床评分和中医证候评分(包括肢体疼痛、肢体麻木、肢端发凉、感觉异常)及总积分均比治疗前降低,而对照组无变化,组内和组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。3.随访观察组的总有效率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:温阳通络法组方汤剂联合标准医学治疗治疗阳虚血瘀证型DPN的临床效果可能优于西药治疗,有较大的临床应用价值。     

腺苷钴胺对糖尿病周围神经病变患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平的影响研究

目的：探讨腺苷钴胺对2型糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平的影响。方法：选择2014年1月～2015年3月期间我院内分泌科收治的74例糖尿病周围神经病变患者,根据随机数字表法将其随机分为两组,对照组予控制血糖等常规治疗,观察组联合应用腺苷钴胺注射液肌肉注射,治疗前后采用症状总评分法（TSS）对患者的神经症状进行评分,比较两组患者临床症状及血浆Hcy水平,并对患者的双侧胫总神经、腓总神经的运动神经传导速度（MNCV）、感觉神经传导速度（SNCV）进行测定。结果：对照组患者治疗后血浆Hcy水平、TSS评分及胫神经、腓神经MNCV、SNCV与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义;观察组患者治疗后TSS评分中疼痛、感觉异常、灼热感、麻木及总评分均较治疗前明显降低;并且观察组患者血浆Hcy水平以及胫神经、腓神经MNCV、SNCV明显增快;观察组患者治疗总有效率为86.48%,明显高于对照组的64.86%;观察组有2例患者出现胃纳减退,不良反应发生率为5.41%。结论：腺苷钴胺治疗DPN可以明显降低血浆Hcy水平,改善神经传导速度及临床症状,提高临床疗效。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清生长分化因子-15的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者血清生长分化因子-15(GDF-15)的表达情况及临床意义。方法选择2011年12月至2015年2月在我院内分泌科进行治疗的2型糖尿病患者520例,根据尿白蛋白的含量水平分为正常白蛋白尿组(n=192)和微量白蛋白尿组(n=185)以及大量白蛋白尿组(n=143),应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测并比较每组患者的血清GDF-15水平。结果正常白蛋白尿组患者血清GDF-15为(704.5±82.5) pg/ml,微量白蛋白尿组患者为(864.0±85.4) pg/ml,大量白蛋白尿组患者为(1773.9±113.5) pg/ml。正常白蛋白尿组和微量白蛋白尿组患者的血清GDF-15水平明显低于大量白蛋白尿组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);微量白蛋白尿组的血清GDF-15水平明显高于正常白蛋白尿组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线形回归分析显示,微量白蛋白(mAlb)与白蛋白(Alb)呈负相关,与GDF-15呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论2型糖尿病肾病患者在临床的不同时刻血清GDF-15也会发生变化,患者血清GDF-15的高表达对病情的诊断和预后评价具有重要价值。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植联合经皮腔内血管成形术治疗糖尿病足的效果评价

目的: 探讨自体骨髓干细胞移植与经皮腔内血管成形术相结合方法治疗糖尿病足的优点,阐明该方法独特的临床疗效。 方法: 将糖尿病足且下肢血管重度狭窄或闭塞40例患者,按患者意愿分为2组,其中采用自体骨髓干细胞移植联合经皮腔内血管成形术治疗的20例患者为联合治疗组,行自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗的20例患者为单独移植组。2组患者均进行常规治疗,观察2组患者治疗前后患侧肢体疼痛、冷感、间歇性跛行、踝肱指数(ABI)和侧支血管生成数量的变化,比较2组患者疗效。 结果: 与治疗前比较,联合治疗组和单独移植组患者治疗后肢体疼痛评分、冷感评分和间歇性跛行评分均明显降低(P<0.01),ABI和侧支血管生成数量评分均明显升高(P<0.01)。与单独移植组比较,联合治疗组患者肢体总疼痛评分、总冷感评分和总间歇性跛行评分明显减低(P<0.05),ABI和侧支血管生成数量评分明显升高(P<0.05)。以患者溃疡面的变化情况为疗效判定标准,联合治疗组患者临床治愈率较单独移植组高,有效率较单独移植组低。 结论: 自体骨髓干细胞移植与经皮腔内血管成形术结合是治疗糖尿病足的安全而有效方法。     

燮理糖肾颗粒对2型糖尿病肾病大鼠高黏高脂微循环障碍的实验研究

[目的] 以补肾泻浊为理论依据,采用补肾泻浊化瘀法配制夑理糖肾颗粒,以观察其对胰岛素抵抗糖尿病肾病大鼠高脂、高黏及微循环障碍的影响。[方法] 选用大鼠切除左肾,用高糖高脂饲料喂养6周后,通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素30 mg/kg,完成造模。然后,随机分为6组:假手术组,模型组,糖肾颗粒3个不同剂量组以及阳性对照组。接下来,检测大鼠血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂及尿量、尿蛋白、肌酐清除率等指标,并观察夑理糖肾颗粒对大鼠颈动脉血栓形成的影响。[结果] 与假手术组比较,模型组血糖、HbA1c升高,血脂和血黏度升高,尿蛋白增多,而胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)降低,肌酐清除率降低,表明胰岛素抵抗糖尿病肾病模型成立,并伴高黏高脂血症。与模型组比较,燮理糖肾颗粒8、16 g生药剂量组血糖、HbA1c、甘油三酯(TG)、全血黏度明显降低,尿蛋白减少,肌酐清除率提高,并延长了颈动脉血栓形成时间。[结论] 夑理糖肾颗粒对胰岛素抵抗糖尿病肾病大鼠有降糖、提高ISI和保护肾的作用,同时可降黏、降脂和延长颈动脉血栓形成时间,其结果提示该药还有心血管保护作用。