Flavonoids in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms

Ischemic heart diseases are one of the major causes of death worldwide. Effective restoration of blood flow can significantly improve patients’ quality of life and reduce mortality. However, reperfusion injury cannot be ignored. Flavonoids possess well-established antioxidant properties;They also have other benefits that may be relevant for ameliorating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI). In this review,we focus on flavonoids with cardiovascular-protection function and emphasize their pharmacological effects. The main mechanisms of flavonoid pharmacological activities against MIRI involve the following aspects: a) antioxidant, b) anti-inflammatory, c) anti-platelet aggregation, d) anti-apoptosis, and e)myocardial-function regulation activities. We also summarized the effectiveness of flavonoids for MIRI.     

Combined enzymatic hydrolysis and herbal extracts fortification to boost in vitro antioxidant activity of edible bird’s nest solution

Objective Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a popular traditional tonic food in Chinese population for centuries. Malaysia is one of the main EBN suppliers in the world. This study aims to explore the best strategy to boost the antioxidant potential of EBN solution. Methods In this study, the raw EBN (4%, mass to volume ratio) was initially enzymatic hydrolyzed using papain enzyme to produce EBN hydrolysate (EBNH), then spray-dried into powdered form. Next, 4% (mass to volume ratio) of EBNH powder was dissolved in ginger extract (GE), mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and cinnamon twig extract (CTE) to detect the changes of antioxidant activities, respectively. Results Results obtained suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly reduced the viscosity of 4% EBN solution from (68.12 ± 0.69) mPa.s to (7.84 ± 0.31) mPa.s. Besides, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total soluble protein, DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were substantially increased following EBN hydrolysis using papain enzyme. In addition, fortification with GE, MLE and CTE had further improved the TPC, TFC, DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP of the EBNH solution. Among the samples, MLE-EBNH solution showed the most superior antioxidant potential at (86.39 ± 1.66)% of DPPH scavenging activity and (19.79 ± 2.96) mmol/L FeSO4 of FRAP. Conclusion This study proved that combined enzymatic hydrolysis and MLE fortification is the best strategy to produce EBN product with prominent in vitro antioxidant potential. This preliminary study provides new insight into the compatibility of EBN with different herbal extracts for future health food production.     

Antioxidative and in vitro hepatoprotective activity of Bupleurum kaoi leaf infusion

The roots of Bupleurus spp. have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for curing liver diseases. Although bioactive saikosaponins have been detected in the leaves as well as in the roots, the aerial parts of the plants are discarded as waste. In the present study, a leaf infusion of B. kaoi Liu, Chao et Chuang, an indigenous Bupleurus species in Taiwan, was prepared and the antioxidant properties and in vitro hepatoprotective activity were demonstrated. The results show that the leaf infusion exerted DPPH free radical scavenging activity, inhibitory capacity on superoxide anion formation and superoxide anion scavenging activity. The hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen (APAP) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on the rat liver cells were also decreased by the leaf infusion.     

五种脾虚小鼠模型过氧化与抗氧化改变的比较研究

本实验对大黄泻下法、番泻叶泻下法、劳倦过度法、大黄泻下加劳倦过度法和番泻叶泻下加劳倦过度法研制的 5种脾虚小鼠模型在机体过氧化与抗氧化方面进行了比较研究。旨在探讨单因素与复合因素造模法对脾虚动物模型生物膜结构和功能改变的规律及其机制 ,同时探讨补脾中药对脾虚小鼠模型生物膜结构与功能恢复的作用及其机理。结果表明 ,5种方法塑造的脾虚小鼠模型均出现了肛温和体重的下降 ,丙二醛(molondialehyde,MDA) 和共轭双烯(Conjngated dienes,CD) 指标的升高 ,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,Cat) 、超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxide dismutase,SOD) 和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (Glutathione peroxidase,GSH- Px) 指标的下降。且脂质过氧化损伤程度和抗氧化酶活性下降程度以番泻叶泻下加劳倦过度组表现最重。     

红景天苷对骨骼肌保护作用机制的研究进展

红景天作为一味珍贵的药材,研究发现其在治疗心血管疾病、肿瘤疾病、老年疾病、肾脏疾病、骨骼肌营养不良、呼吸疾病等方面均有不同功效。而红景天苷作为红景天的主要药效成分,具有抗缺氧、抗炎、抗疲劳、抗寒、强心、抗心律失常等多种药理作用。就红景天苷在骨骼肌中的保护作用机制研究进展进行综述。     

Metabolic and Blood Pressure Effects of Consuming Two Kiwifruit Daily for 7 Weeks: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background: Eating two kiwifruit before breakfast by equi-carbohydrate partial exchange of cereal has been associated with lower postprandial glucose and insulin, but it increases the intake of fruit sugar. We assessed the effects of kiwifruit ingestion at breakfast over 7 weeks on metabolic and physiologic factors. Method: Forty-three healthy Asian participants were randomised to ingest 500 mL of carbonated water (control) or 500 mL of carbonated water plus two kiwifruit (intervention), before breakfast. Three-day weighed diet records were taken before and at week 4 during the intervention. Overnight fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and week 7. Forty-two participants completed the study (n = 22 control, n = 20 intervention). Results: The kiwifruit group consumed more fructose, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carbohydrates as a percentage of energy compared with the control group (p < 0.01). There was no evidence of between-group changes in metabolic outcomes at the end of the intervention, with the following mean (95% confidence interval) differences in fasting blood samples: glucose 0.09 (−0.06, 0.24) mmol/L; insulin −1.6 (−3.5, 0.3) μU/mL; uric acid −13 (−30, 4) μmol/L; triglycerides −0.10 (−0.22, 0.03) mmol/L; and total cholesterol −0.05 (−0.24, 0.14) mmol/L. There was a −2.7 (−5.5, 0.0) mmHg difference in systolic blood pressure for the intervention group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Eating two kiwifruit as part of breakfast increased fruit consumption and intake of antioxidant nutrients without a change in fasting insulin. There was a difference in systolic blood pressure and no adverse fructose-associated increases in uric acid, triglycerides, or total cholesterol. This simple intervention may provide health benefits to other demographic groups.     

秦岭产宜昌蛇菰生药学特征与抗氧化活性研究

目的：对秦岭产宜昌蛇菰的生药学特征进行鉴别研究,为品种鉴定提供参考依据;对宜昌蛇菰体外抗氧化活性进行研究,为有效利用其资源提供参考依据。方法对原植物形态、性状、根茎、鳞叶、横切面显微进行鉴别研究;借助紫外分光光度法,通过比较1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）清除率,评价宜昌蛇菰各部位不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果宜昌蛇菰的茎横切面表皮以内为薄壁组织,外韧性维管束散在,无明显皮层、中柱以及髓部分化;鳞叶横切面可见主脉维管束散在,无栅栏组织、海绵组织的分化,呈现等面叶的特征。宜昌蛇菰各部位不同溶剂提取液在实验质量浓度范围内,各提取物抗氧化能力均随其质量浓度升高而增强。结论宜昌蛇菰花茎和鳞叶横切面初生构造的特征,对其品种鉴定提供参考依据。宜昌蛇菰根茎、鳞叶、花均具有明显抗氧化活性,三者间无明显差异,故提示其应全株入药。     

云芝多糖对脑、肝组织的抗氧化作用研究

目的　探讨中药云芝多糖对脑、肝组织抗氧化作用的影响及机制。方法　以SD大鼠和昆明小鼠为动物模型 ,采用Fe H2 O2 诱导大脑皮层组织和肝组织匀浆的脂氢过氧化反应及黄嘌呤氧化酶体系释放自由基超氧阴离子 (O·2 ) ,以改良的邻苯三酚自氧化法、DNTB直接法测定脑组织抗氧化酶活性及原位杂交法检测脑组织硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (SeG Px)mRNA表达。结果　云芝多糖有提高脑组织超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、SeGPx和非硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (non SeGPx)抗氧化酶活性 ,增加SeGPxmRNA表达 ,降低脑、肝组织Fe H2 O2 引发的脂氢过氧化反应和黄嘌呤氧化酶体系产生的O·2 。结论　云芝多糖可提高鼠大脑皮层、肝组织的抗氧化作用 ,对开发应用多糖类药物防治神经系统疾病、延缓衰老提供实验依据     

Effects of di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate on testicular oxidant/antioxidant status in selenium‐deficient and selenium‐supplemented rats

Di(ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), the most widely used plasticizer, was investigated to determine whether an oxidative stress process was one of the underlying mechanisms for its testicular toxicity potential. To evaluate the effects of selenium (Se), status on the toxicity of DEHP was further objective of this study, as Se is known to play a critical role in testis and in the modulation of intracellular redox equilibrium. Se deficiency was produced in 3‐weeks‐old Sprague–Dawley rats feeding them ≤0.05 mg Se /kg diet for 5 weeks, and Se‐supplementation group was on 1 mg Se/kg diet. DEHP‐treated groups received 1000 mg/kg dose by gavage during the last 10 days of the feeding period. Activities of antioxidant selenoenzymes [glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)], catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST); concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and thus the GSH/GSSG redox ratio; and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were measured. DEHP was found to induce oxidative stress in rat testis, as evidenced by significant decrease in GSH/GSSG redox ratio (>10‐fold) and marked increase in TBARS levels, and its effects were more pronounced in Se‐deficient rats with ～18.5‐fold decrease in GSH/GSSG redox ratio and a significant decrease in GPx4 activity, whereas Se supplementation was protective by providing substantial elevation of redox ratio and reducing the lipid peroxidation. These findings emphasized the critical role of Se as an effective redox regulator and the importance of Se status in protecting testicular tissue from the oxidant stressor activity of DEHP. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 98–107, 2014.     

HPLC-ELSD同时测定铁破锣中3种三萜皂苷含量及体外抗氧化性研究

目的 建立同时测定铁破锣中3种三萜皂苷BeesiosideⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ含量的方法,并研究铁破锣中三萜皂苷的体外抗氧化性。方法 运用反相高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法（HPLC-ELSD）对铁破锣中三萜皂苷进行含量测定,并对所用含量测定方法进行方法学考察;同时,对铁破锣中三萜皂苷清除自由基的能力和总的抗氧化能力进行体外试验。结果 HPLC-ELSD方法可同时测定BeesiosideⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的含量,且该方法线性关系良好、精密度、重复性、稳定性均好,回收率高;铁破锣中三萜皂苷能够有效清除ABTS⁺、DPPH·和羟基自由基,并且具有很好的抗氧化能力。结论 HPLC-ELSD方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可作为铁破锣中三萜皂苷（BeesiosideⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）的含量测定及质量控制标准方法,体外试验表明铁破锣中三萜皂苷具有良好的自由基清除和抗氧化能力。