Development and content validity of the Experienced Patient‐Centeredness Questionnaire (EPAT)—A best practice example for generating patient‐reported measures from qualitative data

IntroductionTo effectively foster patient‐centeredness (PC), it is crucial to measure its implementation. So far, there is no German measure to assess PC comprehensively. The aim of this study is to develop and select items for the Experienced Patient‐Centeredness (EPAT) Questionnaire, a patient‐reported experience measure (PREM). The EPAT intends to assess PC from the perspective of adult patients treated for different chronic diseases in inpatient and outpatient settings in Germany. Furthermore, we aim at providing a best‐practice example for developing PREMs from qualitative data.MethodsThe development process comprised a three‐phase mixed‐method design: (1) preparation, (2) item generation and (3) item selection and testing of content validity. We generated items using qualitative content analysis based on information from focus groups, key informant interviews and literature search. We selected items using relevance rating and cognitive interviews. Participants were patients from four chronic disease groups (cancer, cardiovascular disease, mental disorder, musculoskeletal disorder) and healthcare experts (e.g., clinicians, researchers, patient representatives).ResultsWe conducted six focus groups with a total of 40 patients, key informant interviews with 10 experts and identified 48 PREMs from international literature. After team discussion, we reached a preliminary pool of 152 items. We conducted a relevance rating with 32 experts and 34 cognitive interviews with 21 patients. We selected 125 items assessing 16 dimensions of PC and showed high relevance and comprehensibility.ConclusionsThe EPAT questionnaire is currently undergoing psychometric testing. The transparent step‐by‐step report provides a best practice example that other researchers may consider for developing PREMs. Integrating literature and experts with a strong focus on patient feedback ensured good content validity. The EPAT questionnaire will be helpful in assessing PC in routine clinical practice in inpatient and outpatient settings for research and quality improvement.Patient or Public ContributionPatients were not involved as active members of the research team. While developing the funding proposal, we informally reached out to several patient organizations who all gave us positive feedback on the study aims, thereby confirming their relevance. Those patient organizations endorsed the funding proposal with formal letters of support and supported recruitment by disseminating advertisements for study participation.     

间苯三酚的合成、制剂开发与分析测试

间苯三酚为平滑肌解痉药,临床上用于治疗痉挛性疼痛。该文综合国内外相关文献,分析、整理与归纳了间苯三酚的合成、制剂开发以及分析测试方法。已开发上市的制剂可满足临床用药需要,用药安全有效,质量可控,但合成技术上仍存在一些问题,需进一步研究其合成路线,探索各步反应机理,优化反应条件,提高产品得率,实现工业化生产。     

酶法和硫磷铁法测定黄疸血清胆固醇的比较

报告酶法和硫磷铁法测定黄疸血清中胆固醇的比较和偏差。结果显示两法测定清亮血清胆固醇无显著差异;测定黄疸血清则差异显著。此种偏差与血清黄疸指数正相关(r=0.624,P<0.01),与胆固醇浓度负相关(r=-0.605,P<0.01)。     

Comparison of Melting Processes for WPC and the Resulting Differences in Thermal Damage,Emissions and Mechanics

The necessity for resource-efficient manufacturing technologies requires new developments within the field of plastic processing. Lightweight design using wood fibers as sustainable reinforcement for thermoplastics might be one solution. The processing of wood fibers requires special attention to the applied thermal load. Even at low processing temperatures, the influence of the dwell time, temperature and shear force is critical to ensure the structural integrity of fibers. Therefore, this article compares different compounding rates for polypropylene with wood fibers and highlights their effects on the olfactory, visual and mechanical properties of the injection-molded part. The study compares one-step processing, using an injection-molding compounder (IMC), with two-step processing, using a twin-scew-extruder (TSE), a heating/cooling mixer (HCM) and an internal mixer (IM) with subsequent injection molding. Although the highest fiber length was achieved by using the IMC, the best mechanical properties were achieved by the HCM and IM. The measured oxidation induction time and volatile organic compound content indicate that the lowest amount of thermal damage occurred when using the HCM and IM. The advantage of one-time melting was evened out by the dwell time. The reinforcement of thermoplastics by wood fibers depends more strongly on the structural integrity of the fibers compared to their length and homogeneity.     

介绍一种检测蚊虫DNA重复序列的方法

在一般分子生物学方法的基础上,介绍改进了的制备成蚊、幼虫和蛹的基因组DNA,并用限制性核酸内切酶消化基因组DNA,凝胶电泳分离、溴乙锭染色后显示代表重复序列DNA带的一系列方法。本法可直接检测、比较蚊虫DNA重复序列,不受发育阶段、性别的影响,取材方便,简易可行。     

合成氨系统优化的一类新方法

本文介绍一类新的优化方法及其在合成氨系统上应用的例子。该大系统分解-协调方法可方便地处理高阶系统。由计算机仿真对给定值进行调整,经实验验证,结果满意。文中并对在线计算机控制方案进行了探讨。     

骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤治疗分析

收集1977～1986年我院收治的骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤未经外院处理的58例,分析治疗结果。2例入院后不久死于复合创伤,未作处理。6例早期作单纯膀胱造瘘,二期经会阴作尿道修补,结果不满意。50例采用耻骨上膀胱造瘘,经尿道口插入Foley导尿管,以伸入后尿道的食指将导尿管轻柔地引入膀胱,用0.5kg重力牵引,使尿道断端对合。耻骨后不作常规探查,略加吸引后放置引流,加强抗感染治疗。结果比较满意:4例因尿道狭窄,半年后3例行会阴切开后尿道修补,1例失访。46例近期治愈出院,31例经1～9年随访,排尿通畅者25例,欠通畅者6例;尿失禁者1例;阳萎者4例,勃起不坚1例,晚期并发症亦相对地较少。     

460例犯罪少年流行病学调查初报

460例犯罪少年有关因素进行流行病学调查结果表明:13～17岁是少年初次违法犯罪的年龄高峰期。各类罪行比率,城市高于农村(P<0.05),夏季多于其他季节(P<0.05)。两组少年犯家庭相比较,不和谐、缺陷家庭、中低生活水平及受父母不良教育方法的比率明显高于和谐、非缺陷家庭(P<0.05,P<0.01)。少年犯六种气质类型以多血质与胆汁混合型比率为高(P<0.01)。