内眼手术后感染性眼内炎的危险因素及预防措施

目的 探讨内眼手术后发生感染性眼内炎的危险因素及防范措施.方法 对2006年1月-2010年12月行内眼手术后发生感染性眼内炎的病例进行回顾性分析.结果 3887例内眼手术,术后发生感染性眼内炎15例,感染率为0.4％;其中行球内异物取出术后的最多12例,占80.0％,玻璃体切割手术后1例占6.7％,青光眼小梁手术后1例占6.7％,白内障手术后1例占6.7％;经积极抗感染球内注药及手术治疗后视力不同程度提高者12例占80.0％,视力无改善者1例占6.7％.结论 球内异物后行内眼手术,是感染性眼内炎最主要的致病因素,早期诊断、早期检测病原体确定敏感药物,早期实施玻璃体切割术联合玻璃体腔注药术,是治疗的关键,提高医务人员对内眼手术后发生感染性眼内炎重要性的认识、对内眼手术患者严密观察病情变化、强化眼部消毒处理、严格无菌操作,能防范感染性眼内炎的发生.     

白内障术后眼内炎的危险因素及临床分析

目的 探讨白内障术后眼内炎的危险因素和临床表现及玻璃体切割术治疗术后眼内炎的预后.方法 收集白内障术后6周内发生眼内炎并于我院行玻璃体切割术的患者25例.将全部患者依据白内障术前既往史中危险因素的有无,分为伴有危险因素组(A组)和不伴有危险因素组(B组),回顾性分析两组的临床表现及预后.结果 两组的病原茵检出率分别为A组60％,B组66％.最终视力1.0以上的比例两组分别为10％和46％,A组显著低于B组(P＜0.05).A组的病原菌以耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌和肠球菌居多.两组均有约70％的角膜切口出现术后切口闭合不全,且未被结膜覆盖的切口在A组中显著增多(P＜0.05).结论 伴有危险因素的白内障术后眼内炎患者的视力预后不良,对此类患者行白内障手术时必须谨慎选择并制作切口.     

玻璃体切除术后的化脓性眼内炎

目的：总结玻璃体手术后化脓性眼内炎的发生率、临床特点、治疗及预后。方法：收集１９８７～１９９８年因各种原因引起玻璃体混浊、复杂性视网膜脱离而进行玻璃体手术（不包括穿孔性眼外伤或眼内炎病例），术后经过临床或培养而证实为化脓性眼内炎病例。结果：符合标准者共４６１０例，其中３例术后发生化脓性眼内炎，发生率为０６５‰。１例培养出葡萄球菌和霍米奇肠杆菌。分别在术后第６、８和１０天控制炎症。最终视力２例保留光感，１例００２，２例视网膜脱离未能复位，眼球萎缩。结论：玻璃体切除术后眼内炎发生罕见，但视力预后差，必须高度重视。     

Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for cataract surgery: a controlled trial of fusidic acid and chloramphenicol

The effectiveness of topical fusidic acid 1%, in a viscous drop base, to reduce or eliminate ocular microflora in patients undergoing cataract surgery has been studied. Forty-two patients received fusidic acid on a double-blind basis and for comparison 21 patients were similarly assessed with topical chloramphenicol. A further 17 patients received no treatment other than subconjunctival cephazolin administered to all operated eyes at the time of surgery. Quantitative bacterial counts from the conjunctivae and lash lines of each patient were made 24 hours before surgery, on the morning of operation and again 48 hours after surgery. With a regimen of five administrations on the day prior to surgery, neither topical fusidic acid 1.0% nor chloramphenicol 0.5% produced clinically or statistically significant reductions of the ocular microflora. In contrast perioperative subconjunctival cephazolin effectively reduced or eliminated lid and conjunctival microflora following surgery. This study indicates that the effectiveness of a topical antibiotic preparation for overt ocular infection cannot be directly extrapolated to the effect on resident ocular microflora, at least with short-term use for presurgical prophylaxis.     

青光眼薄壁滤过泡相关性眼部感染临床分析

目的:分析和探讨青光眼滤过术后薄壁滤过泡相关性眼部感染发生的危险因素,临床特点,处理和防治方法。方法:回顾性分析2002-06/2007-12我科收治的由于薄壁滤过泡产生相关并发症的患者的临床资料。结果:共收集10例青光眼滤过手术后薄壁滤过泡感染患者的资料。其中,单纯滤过泡感染7例,滤过泡伴眼内炎3例。感染发生于术后1～24mo不等。所有患者均使用过丝裂霉素(MMC),病原学培养阳性率为50%,以革兰氏阳性球菌为主。感染病例经药物治疗,感染控制良好。所有病例均予手术治疗,术后滤过泡薄壁状况改善,视力提高,眼压控制良好。结论:薄壁滤过泡与滤过泡感染及迟发性滤过泡相关性眼内炎的发生密切相关,MMC的使用是导致薄壁滤过泡的重要原因。药物和手术治疗可以消除炎症,维持正常眼压,改善视力。     

Epidemic postsurgical Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis. Clinical findings and management of 15 consecutive cases

Fifteen cases of postoperative Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis occurring secondary to a contaminated lot of an irrigating solution were studied. All patients underwent a vitreous tap or diagnostic and therapeutic vitrectomy. Eleven of the 15 specimens were positive for the organism. Fourteen patients were treated with pars plana vitrectomy surgery. All patients were treated with intravitreal amphotericin B and systemic amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Two clinical recurrences were successfully treated with intravitreal amphotericin B, removal of the pseudophakos, and oral ketoconazole. The intraocular lens was retained in 11 of the 14 pseudophakic patients. Final visual acuities ranged from 20/25 to no light perception with eight of 15 patients having 20/60 or better visual acuities. Measurable levels of intraocular amphotericin B were found after systemic amphotericin B administration. Two patients with totals of 20 and 30 micrograms of intravitreal amphotericin B over 48 and 96 hours, respectively, had near normal ERGs one year later. Posterior capsulotomy and vitrectomy appear to decrease amphotericin B toxicity and allow sequential intraocular injection of this drug within a short time period.     

Infectious endophthalmitis. Review of 36 cases

A three-year retrospective study of 36 cases of infectious endophthalmitis seen at a large referral eye center between 1977 and 1980 was conducted. The criterion for infectious endophthalmitis was the culture of microorganisms from aqueous or vitreous on at least two media. The most frequent pathogen was Staphylococcus epidermis; it was isolated from 18 (50%) of the cases. In cases of infectious endophthalmitis following recent cataract extraction, S. epidermidis was isolated from 10 to 17 eyes (58.8%). Complete loss of visual function occurred in 16 of the 36 eyes (44.4%); a visual acuity of 20/400 or better as recorded in 15 eyes (41.6%) and 20/100 or better in eight (22.2%). Fifty percent of the cases were treated with vitrectomy and intraocular antibiotics. Poor visual outcome was associated with gram-negative organisms or delay of vitrectomy more than 24 hours after the initial diagnosis. In cases of postoperative S. epidermidis endophthalmitis, the most favorable visual outcomes were associated with use of intraocular antibiotics and vitrectomy; 80% of cases so treated had a final visual acuity of 20/400 or better and 60% had a visual acuity of 20/100 or better.     

Late onset endophthalmitis associated with filtering blebs

Thirty-six cases of late onset endophthalmitis in patients with filtering blebs are presented. Onset of endophthalmitis ranged from 4 months to 60 years after bleb formation. Possible contributing factors could be identified only in a minority of patients. Aqueous, vitreous or both were cultured in all cases. Eighty-three percent of eyes were culture positive. Streptococci were the most frequent causative organisms, isolated from 57% of culture positive eyes. Twenty-three percent of eyes grew Hemophilus influenzae. Only two cases were caused by staphylococci. In general, the visual outcome was poor, probably primarily due to the virulence of the infecting organisms. Endophthalmitis remains a risk even many years after creation of a filtering bleb. The microbiologic spectrum in this clinical setting is considerably different from that of recent postoperative endophthalmitis. Based on the bacteriology and clinical course of the patients presented, recommendations for management are discussed.     

Aeromonas sobria endophthalmitis

Background: Aeromonas sobria causes a rare Gram-negative bacterial water-borne infection. It has been found in waters of North Queensland and South-east Asia. Of all Aeromonas species, A. sobria is the most virulent and invasive and has been reported to cause soft tissue infection and corneal ulcer.
Methods: A 14-year-old Caucasian male from North Queensland presented following a penetrating eye injury in which a water bird (cormorant species) had pecked his eye while he was fishing. A fulminant endophthalmitis developed despite treatment with intravenous, intravitreal and topical antibiotics and initial wound repair. Enucleation was performed.
Results: Aeromonas sobria was isolated from the vitreous aspirate.
Conclusion: Aeromonas sobria infection should be suspected in water-contaminated penetrating eye injuries. The prognosis in this case was poor.     

Epidemiological evaluation of intraoperative antibiosis as a protective agent against endophthalmitis after cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate risk factors for endophthalmitis after cataract surgery and to retest recent findings on the protective effect of intraoperative antibiosis and the promoting effect of the clear corneal as compared to sclerocorneal incision. DESIGN: Survey study. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred thirty-eight ophthalmosurgical centers in Germany. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Responder specific endophthalmitis incidence. RESULTS: A total of 310 (58%) questionnaires were computed resulting in an overall count of 404 356 cataract surgeries and 291 self-reported endophthalmitis cases (crude rate 0.072%). The risk of postoperative endophthalmitis for sclerocorneal versus clear corneal incisions was not significantly reduced (relative risk 0.97, 99% confidence interval 0.69-1.38). The hypothesis of a protective effect of intraocular antibiosis could be confirmed by a significantly decreased risk ratio of 0.69 (99% confidence interval 0.48-0.99) indicating a significant benefit from intraoperative intraocular antibiosis. A similar tendency was observed for an intraoperative periocular antibiosis with a significantly reduced risk ratio of 0.68 (99% confidence interval 0.49-0.96). These risk estimates had been adjusted for the size of the surgical center: a significantly reduced risk ratio of 0.70 (99% confidence interval 0.49-0.98) for postoperative endophthalmitis was observed for local centers. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas this 2001 appraisal of a survey in 1996 could not reproduce the benefit of sclerocorneal incision, the protective effect of intraoperative intraocular antibiotic prophylaxis could be confirmed. However, the results of this survey have to be interpreted with care, since it is not based on individual case information, but rather on aggregate questionnaire data.