Laboratory diagnosis of infectious endophthalmitis

AIM: To analyze the lab diagnosis and etiology of infectious endophthalmitis. METHODS: The medical and microbial records of 36 patients diagnosed with infectious endophthalmitis and 8 patients diagnosed with intraocular lens (IOL)-related inflammation between Nov. 1999 and Dec. 2009 were retrospectively reviewed for lab diagnosis and etiology. RESULTS: The inflammatory cell counts in all aqueous humor specimens from infectious endophthalmitis patients were more than in all aqueous humor specimens from patients with IOL-related inflammation. Sixteen of the 36 aqueous humor samples (44.4%) and 11 of the 24 vitreous humor samples (45.8%) from infectious endophthalmitis patients showed positive results in smears; while 17 aqueous humor samples (47.2%) and 15 vitreous humor samples (62.5%) from infectious endophthalmitis patients showed positive results in culture. CONCLUSION: The inflammatory cell count may be an important index for infectious endophthalmitis; while, smears can show etiological information earlier.     

Incidence and characteristics of acute intraocular inflammation after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab: a retrospective cohort study

Objective: To determine the incidence and characteristics of acute intraocular inflammation after intravitreal bevacizumab injections from a tertiary care retinal practice.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Participants: A consecutive series of patients who had received bevacizumab injections performed by a single surgeon.Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients with severe anterior chamber inflammation and (or) vitritis after bevacizumab injections.Results: A total of 693 bevacizumab injections were performed on 193 eyes of 173 patients between June 2006 and March 2008. There were a total of 9 cases of acute intraocular inflammation for an incidence of 1.30% (95% CI: 0.69%-2.47%). All patients had a worse visual acuity at the end of follow-up than on injection day. The mean loss of vision was 6.1 lines of Snellen visual acuity; one patient developed inflammation-induced glaucoma which required surgical intervention.Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab is associated with a low but significant risk of acute intraocular inflammation and may result in significant visual loss.     

免疫功能正常青年女性脓毒性关节炎并发双侧内源性眼内炎

收治1例患右膝脓毒性关节炎的20岁女性患者。关节疼痛发作2wk后,主诉两眼视力逐步模糊。裂隙灯检查发现前、后段炎症。双眼底多发脉络膜视网膜病变。右膝关节液抽吸和血培养有金黄色葡萄球菌生长。患者对局部和全身抗生素反应良好。双眼的最终视力为6/6。这一病例显示了并发脓毒性关节炎的免疫功能正常的年轻患者呈现双侧内源性眼内炎的罕见表现。早期诊断和及时治疗带来良好的预后视力。     

Mannose-binding lectin as part of the complement pathway: characterization in non-inflamed and inflamed human eyes

Background: Mannose‐binding lectin plays a central effector role in the lectin pathway of complement activation. Frequently occurring MBL2 polymorphisms result in mannose‐binding lectin deficiency, which increases susceptibility to infection. We characterized mannose‐binding lectin levels and function in non‐inflamed and inflamed human eyes, and evaluated its relationship to blood mannose‐binding lectin levels and function. Design: Prospective, observational clinical study with controls and cases. Participants: Twenty‐seven patients with paired blood and ocular samples (aqueous and/or vitreous) including 15 controls (non‐inflamed) and 12 cases (inflamed). Methods: Blood and ocular samples were collected from controls (n = 15) with quiet eyes during elective cataract surgery and cases with inflamed eyes including proven/suspected endophthalmitis (n = 11) and herpetic retinal vasculitis (n = 1). Mannan‐binding and C4 deposition enzyme‐linked quantify mannose‐binding lectin levels and function. Main Outcome Measures: Blood and ocular mannose‐binding lectin levels and function. Results: Of 27 patients, 10 (37%) were mannose‐binding lectin‐deficient (defined as blood mannose‐binding lectin levels <500 ng/mL). Blood mannose‐binding lectin levels (P= 0.16) or function (P= 0.43) were not significantly different between controls and cases. As expected, there was a high correlation between blood mannose‐binding lectin levels and function (r²= 0.74). However, there was significantly more mannose‐binding lectin in inflamed eyes than non‐inflamed eyes measured as level (P < 0.01) or C4 deposition function (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that mannose‐binding lectin is significantly elevated in inflamed human eyes but virtually undetectable in non‐inflamed control eyes, suggesting a role in sight‐threatening ocular inflammation.     

开放性眼外伤并发眼内炎高危因素分析

目的:探讨开放性眼外伤并发眼内炎的高危因素。方法:回顾性分析开放性眼外伤315眼,分析不同因素对眼内炎发生率的影响。结果:在开放性眼外伤中,细长异物的穿刺伤、玻璃体异物存留及晶状体后囊破裂均可增加眼内炎的发生几率,差异有统计学意义;而缝合时间>24h可增加眼内炎的发生几率,但差异没有统计学意义;伤口增大未增加眼内炎的发生几率。结论:玻璃体内异物存留、细长异物的穿刺伤、晶状体后囊破裂是开放性眼外伤并发眼内炎的高危因素,在及时缝合的前提下,伤口的增大并不会增加眼内炎的发生率。     

Ocular mycosis at a referral center in Saudi Arabia: A 20-year study

Purpose

To review the clinical experience of fungal keratitis cases at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

Retrospective observational review and analysis of 124 patient charts with confirmed diagnosis of fungal keratitis between 1984 and 2004.

Results

One hundred and twenty four eyes of 124 patients had proven fungal infection; 101 eyes had fungal keratitis and 23 eyes had fungal endophthalmitis complicating keratitis. Estimated proportion of fungal keratitis and endophthalmitis was 10.3%. Mean age was 55 years with male predominance (79.0%). Commonly associated factors were previous intraocular surgery (38.7%) and trauma (20.9%). Major risk factor for progressing to endophthalmitis was previous intraocular surgery (65.2%), p < 0.001. Initial laboratory results were fungal positive only in 30.6% (p < 0.001). Commonest organisms isolated were Aspergillus spp. (29.8%) followed by Trichophyton sp. (16.1%), then Candida and Fusarium sp. Comparison of both phases of the study showed improvement in the rate of successfully treated cases from 34.6% to 58.3%, and a decline in cases progressing to endophthalmitis from 25.0% to 13.9%. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty increased from 26.9% to 73.6% (p < 0.001). Thirteen eyes required enucleation or evisceration.

Conclusions

In contrast to other studies on fungal keratitis, Aspergillusspp. and Trichophyton sp. were the most commonly isolated fungal pathogens; the former carries the worst prognosis. Risk factors included previous intraocular surgery and trauma. Poor outcome was associated with Aspergillus spp., delayed presentation, previous intraocular surgery and late surgical intervention. This study recommends early surgical intervention to improve the outcome.     

Modified draping technique for topical anaesthesia ophthalmic surgery

We describe a simple modified technique for draping the eye in cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. This method minimizes prolapse of the eyelashes into the surgical field without compromising patient comfort and confers several advantages over previously used techniques.     

经玻璃体腔内注射药物联合玻璃体切割术治疗真菌性眼内炎

目的：研究经玻璃体腔内注射伏立康唑及两性霉素B脂质体联合玻璃体切割术治疗真菌性眼内炎的效果。

方法：选取2014-09/2016-09本院眼科接受治疗的感染烟曲霉菌的真菌性眼内炎患者27例54眼为研究对象,随机分为对照组、研究1组、研究2组三组,每组9例。在行玻璃体切割术后,对三组患者进行药物敏感度实验,检测药物为两性霉素B脂质体和伏立康唑。之后对三组患者都应用伏立康唑口服,用阿托品膏散瞳,并且每天换药,另外对研究1组和研究2组患者的玻璃体腔内分别注入伏立康唑溶液和两性霉素B脂质体溶液。术后观察前房炎症情况、角膜混浊程度、玻璃体混浊情况和视力恢复情况。

结果：烟曲霉菌对两性霉素B脂质体和伏立康唑均敏感。三组患者术后不同时间角膜混浊情况的比较：除术后1d对照组分别与研究1组和研究2组差异无统计学意义外(P>0.05),其余术后时间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后不同时间研究1组和研究2组角膜混浊情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组患者术后不同时间房水闪辉情况的比较：除术后1d对照组分别与研究1组和研究2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余术后时间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究1组和研究2组房水闪辉情况除术后9d和15d 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余术后时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组患者术后不同时间玻璃体混浊情况的比较：对照组与研究1组除术后1d比较无统计学意义外,其余术后时间均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组与研究2组比较除术后1、4、6d比较无统计学意义外,其余术后时间均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究1组和研究2组比较除术后6d有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余术后时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：经玻璃体内注射伏立康唑和两性霉素B脂质体联合玻璃体切割术可以有效地治疗真菌性眼内炎,与两性霉素B脂质体相比,伏立康唑对治疗早期和中期的真菌性眼内炎效果较好。     

眼内异物伤眼内炎的临床观察

目的:探讨眼内异物伤眼内炎的感染因素、诊治情况.方法:收集256例眼内异物伤中42例发生眼内炎病例,从致病因素、微生物学检测及诊断治疗进行回顾性分析.结果:眼内异物伤眼内炎发生率为16.4%.眼后节异物及合并外伤性白内障的眼内异物伤是眼内炎发生的危险因素(P＜0.05).眼内异物伤Ⅰ期给予玻璃体腔注射盐酸去甲万古霉素及头孢他啶可以减少眼内炎的发生率(P<0.05).异物性质及大小、取出时间及伤口情况对眼内炎发生率无明显影响(P＞0.05).眼内异物伤眼内炎手术分级Ⅲ级最多.玻璃体切除手术是治疗眼内炎的主要手术方式.结论:眼后节异物伤及合并外伤性白内障的眼内异物伤是眼内炎发生的危险因素,Ⅰ期手术需处理白内障时尽量保留完整的晶状体后囊膜.建议眼后节异物伤Ⅰ期行玻璃体腔注射万古霉素及头孢他啶.一旦确诊眼内炎,尽早进行玻璃体切除手术.     

Staphylococcus aureus and its Bearing on Ophthalmic Disease

Purpose: To review antibiotic resistance associated with S. aureus endophthalmitis and the virulence of S. aureus.

Methods: Review of the current and prospective approaches for treating S. aureus endophthalmitis.

Results: Bacterial endophthalmitis remains to be a major threat for vision. S. aureus endophthalmitis specifically, carries a poor visual prognosis making early diagnosis and treatment crucial. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endophthalmitis represents a significant number of S. aureus endophthalmitis cases. MRSA with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin (vancomycin intermediate S. aureus, VISA) have also emerged in the ocular infections, and there has been a rise in S. aureus resistance to new and old generation fluoroquinolones that are commonly used for prophylaxis after intravitreal injections and intraocular surgeries.

Conclusions: With the rise in the number of penetrating procedures in the ophthalmology practice and the parallel rise in antibiotic resistance, prophylaxis and awareness of the antimicrobial resistance profiles remain crucial and the identification of novel antimicrobials is essential.