改变产妇体位矫正胎儿方位的临床效果

目的:探讨产程中改变产妇体位以矫正胎位。方法:选择临产至宫口开全经B超及内诊检查为枕后位的初产妇200例,随机分为观察组与对照组各100例,在产程中指导观察组产妇取侧俯卧位,利用胎儿重力、羊水浮力、子宫间歇性收缩的合力作用,使胎头下降时逐渐从枕后位转至枕前位娩出,并与对照组比较。结果:观察组91例(91％)胎儿由枕后位转至枕前位经阴道分娩,剖宫产9例(9％);对照组经阴道分娩仅16例(16％),剖宫产84例(84％)。两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:在产程中指导产妇取侧俯卧位,用以矫正胎位不正是降低难产发生率的有效方法。     

Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper,April 2018 – Recommendations

This article presented the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendations on the use of Rabies vaccines excerpted from the Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018 published in the Weekly Epidemiological Record [1] This position paper replaces the 2010 WHO position paper on rabies vaccines [2]. It presents new evidence in the field of rabies and the use of rabies vaccines, focussing on programmatic feasibility, simplification of vaccination schedules and improved cost-effectiveness. The recommendations concern the 2 main immunization strategies, namely vaccination for post-exposure prophylaxis and vaccination for pre-exposure prophylaxis. In the context of post-exposure prophylaxis, recommendations are also provided on the use of rabies immunoglobulins.Footnotes to this paper provide a number of core references including references to grading tables that assess the quality of the scientific evidence, and to the evidence-to-recommendation tables. In accordance with its mandate to provide guidance to Member States on health policy matters, WHO issues a series of regularly updated position papers on vaccines and combinations of vaccines against diseases that have an international public health impact. These papers are concerned primarily with the use of vaccines in large-scale immunization programmes; they summarize essential background information on diseases and vaccines, and conclude with WHO’s current position on the use of vaccines in the global context. Recommendations on the use of cholera vaccines were discussed by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) in October 2017; evidence presented at these meetings can be accessed at:http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/october/presentations_background_docs/en/.     

体位和插入留置导尿管的深度对并发症的影响

目的 探讨体位和插导尿管的深度对一次过置管的影响.方法 将2010年8月至2011年8月在神经内科和肾内科住院的132例需要留置尿管的男性老年患者分为对照组(68例)和实验组(64例).对照组按常规导尿法导尿,并留置导尿管.实验组在对照组的基础上注重体位姿势:协助患者取平仰卧位,臀高(10 ～ 20 cm)屈膝,可在其臀部垫一软枕,双下肢保持弯屈曲呈钝角微向外展位,以患者舒适为宜.和改变插尿管深度:直插导尿管20～22cm,见尿液流出,再继续插至尿管三叉分头处才注水入囊,再将尿管往外拉至不动为止.观察两组一次过管率.结果 观察组插入导尿一次置管率为98.4％,对照组为92.6％,经Wilcoxon 秩和检验,z=-2.489.结论 男性老年患者在插导尿管时稍注意体位姿势和将插尿管至三叉分头处才注水入囊,可以提高一次过置管率.     

不同体位固定术在胸腹部肿瘤放疗中的应用

目的分析与比较不同体位固定术在胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用。方法本文选择了70例接受胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗的患者进行研究,将这些患者随机分成两组,每组35例患者,其中一组为对照组,采用单纯常规的热塑膜体位固定术,而另外一组为观察组,则在采用常规的热塑膜体位固定术的同时,联合胸腹膜真空袋体位固定术。分析两种不同的体位固定术对胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗的位置精确度所造成的影响。结果两组相比,在对零位源皮距误差的影响方面,观察组为26%,明显好于对照组的46%。这两种体位固定术对零位源皮距误差的影响存在显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论热塑膜体位固定术联合胸腹膜真空袋体位固定术与常规的热塑膜体位固定术相比技术更加优越,精确度更加高。     

吸痰枕在吸痰护理中的应用效果观察与护理

目的探讨自制吸痰枕在吸痰护理中的应用效果。方法选取44例需要吸痰的肺部感染患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组24名,观察组20名。对照组采用常规方法吸痰,观察组采用应用自制吸痰枕辅助深部吸痰,比较两组单日平均吸痰次数、单次平均吸痰时间、气道粘膜出血例数等,其中对照组包含1例气管切开,观察组无气管切开。结果对照组单日平均吸痰次数为12次,气道粘膜出血例数为12例,观察组单日平均吸痰次数为4次,气道粘膜出血例数为3例,（P〈0．05）差异具有统计学意义,观察组的单次平均吸痰时间明显小于对照组。结论应用自制吸痰枕辅助深部吸痰可以明显缩短吸痰时间,减少吸痰次数,减少气道粘膜出血,有效改善患者氧合。     

Inter-observer reliability of digital vaginal examination using a four-grade scale in different patient positions

This study aims to compare digital vaginal examination with the patient in supine and standing position and to correlate the degree of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) with a prolapse quality of life (P-QOL) questionnaire. Two hundred and seven women with POP symptoms were digitally examined in supine and standing positions using a four-grade scale (none, minimal, moderate, and severe). P-QOL was used to assess the severity of prolapse symptoms. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to calculate the inter-observer agreement and Spearman rank correlation test to assess the correlation between examination findings and P-QOL scores. Only vaginal examination findings in standing position had a good inter-observer reliability (kappa value 0.76-0.91). The severity of P-QOL scores only correlated with the examination findings in the standing position (P < 0.001). Digital examination of POP is unreliable if woman is supine but is reliable and correlates with symptoms and QOL impairment when the examination is performed with the patient standing.     

The effect of the Trendelenburg position on lower oesophageal sphincter tone

Measurements were made of gastric, lower oesophageal and barrier pressures in the supine, moderate and steep Trendelenburg positions in 10 healthy female patients during balanced anaesthesia. Adoption of the Trendelenburg position resulted in no significant changes in any measurement, with the exception of a small increase (0.1 kPa) in intragastric pressure in the steep head-down position. We conclude that the steep Trendelenburg position should not predispose to regurgitation in healthy patients.     

360度反馈评价表在重症医学科护理岗位管理中的应用

目的通过有效的评价方式促进护理岗位管理工作的顺利开展。方法采用360度反馈评价方法设计评价表,分别以护士长、医生、责任组长、同事、本人5个角度,对工作业绩、工作能力、工作态度3方面进行评价,分别以10%~40%的权重获得总分,纳入岗位考核,成为晋升晋级的参考指标。结果评价表回收率为70.77%,主管护师与护师及护士之间有显著性差异,评分结果与年龄、工龄明显正相关,年资越高,评分越高。结论 360度反馈评价方法是一种科学的评价手段,能够客观公正地对护士能力及态度进行判断,有利于护理岗位管理工作的开展。     

Upright vs. supine shape-capturing comparison for custom-contoured cushions

AimsThis study aims to explore best practices of shape capturing methods for creating custom-contoured wheelchair cushions for the purpose of reducing pressure injury risk.Materials and methodsPressure redistribution qualities were measured by peak pressure index (PPI) and compared between custom-contoured seating systems molded in supine vs. upright shape-capturing positions. Subjects consisted of 14 able-bodied participants in a within-subjects comparison.ResultsA Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test were calculated to compare the mean differences of the PPI between shape-capturing positions. Supine shape-capturing resulted in a statistically significant lower PPI compared to upright (z = 2.040, p < . 05) (t = −2.28, p < .05).ConclusionShape-capturing in the supine position provided greater pressure distribution as opposed to an upright position. Creating custom-contoured cushions molded in a supine position can reduce the risk of pressure injury to the patient.