What is the best position for analyzing the lower and middle rectum and sphincter function in a digital rectal examination? A randomized,controlled study in men

BackgroundDigital rectal examination is an essential tool in the evaluation of the rectum. The aim of this trial was to determine the best position for performing a digital rectal examination.MethodsA total of 321 patients were randomized into “dorsal” or “lateral” groups in this multicentre randomized controlled trial performed in an outpatient setting. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a complete digital rectal examination, defined as the examination of the rectum (upper border of the prostate), the entire circumference, and the assessment of the sphincter tone.ResultsThe dorsal group included a total of 161 patients (mean age: 62.3 ± 13.04 years), while the lateral group included 160 patients (mean age: 62.7 ± 14.4 years). The proportion of patients with a complete digital rectal examination was 44% (n = 71) in the dorsal group and 49% (n = 79) in the lateral group (p = 0.3). The entire circumference of the rectum could be examined in 66% of the patients (n = 106) in the dorsal group and in 79.5% of the patients (n = 128) in the lateral group (p = 0.007).ConclusionThe intergroup difference in terms of digital rectal examination completion rate was not significant. In the lateral position, however, the entire circumference of the rectum could be examined more thoroughly.     

后路椎弓根螺钉系统矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术后主动脉位置变化分析

【摘要】 目的：评价接受后路椎弓根螺钉系统矫正手术的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术前、术后1周和术后2年主动脉相对于脊柱的空间位置变化。方法：研究对象为接受后路椎弓根螺钉系统矫正手术的22例右胸主弯的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者。通过三维重建CT测量患者术前、术后1周、术后2年主动脉位置和顶椎旋转畸形情况,测量参数包括主动脉-椎体距离、主动脉-椎体角、主动脉-椎管距离、左侧椎弓根螺钉长度和顶椎旋转角。通过X线片测量胸主弯的Cobb角和胸椎后凸角。结果：术前主胸弯Cobb角为57.5°±9.8°,术后1周矫正至13.6°±6.5°,术后2年时为16.2°±6.8°;主胸弯Cobb角矫正率术后1周时为77.5%,术后2年时为73.3%。术前顶椎轴面旋转角为29.4°±9.3°,术后1周矫正至14.6°±6.9°,术后2年时为17.4°±6.8°;顶椎旋转畸形的矫正率术后1周时为49.5%,术后2年时为39.7%。主动脉-椎体距离在T6～T11节段术前显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）;在T7～T9节段术后2年显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）。主动脉-椎体角在T5～T11节段术前显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）;在T7～T10节段术后2年显著大于术后1周（P<0.05）。主动脉-椎管距离在T7～T11节段术前显著小于术后1周（P<0.05）;在T6～T10节段术后2年显著小于术后1周（P<0.05）。结论：右胸主弯的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者中,术后主动脉相对于脊柱的位置较术前向前内侧移位,术后2年较术后向后外侧移位。在使用椎弓根螺钉系统治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的手术中应该避免椎弓根螺钉穿出椎体前皮质或者椎弓根外侧皮质而导致主动脉损伤。     

The processing of compounds in bilingual aphasia: A multiple‐case study

Background: While converging evidence has led to the view that people with aphasia exploit compositional procedures when producing compound words, the issue of what compound‐internal characteristics are at play during these procedures is still under debate. It has been argued that constituent position and/or morphosyntactic prominence, i.e., being the head constituent of a compound, may influence the manner in which compounds are accessed. However, findings obtained from patient performances are thus far inconclusive, because positional and headedness effects are frequently confounded in a language.

Aims: In order to disentangle position‐in‐the‐string and headedness effects in compound production in aphasia, the main objective of this study is to investigate the performance of bilingual patients speaking languages in which these effects can be teased apart. Our secondary goal is to probe the roles of grammatical category (adjectives vs nouns) and of between‐language phonological similarity, as both these factors have been demonstrated to influence compound processing.

Methods & Procedures: Three English–French bilingual persons with aphasia participated in the study. Three experimental tasks, reading, repetition, and translation of isolated compound words, were administrated in each language. We contrasted French and English compounds that differ in the position of the head constituent: left for French and right for English.

Outcomes & Results: Two participants showed a similar pattern—a significantly reduced number of errors for the head (or first) constituent as compared to the non‐head (or second) constituent in French and an equivalent number of errors for both constituents in English—pointing to the cumulative effects of headedness and first‐position‐in‐the‐string in French, and to the mutual cancelling out of these effects in English. The third participant exhibited a non‐head constituent advantage in both languages, indicating that semantic modification of the head constituent by the non‐head constituent plays a prominent role in her accessing procedures. For all three participants phonological similarity influenced production, while grammatical category did not.

Conclusions: Our results reveal that headedness and position interact in the processing of compounds. They also demonstrate that compound constituents are processed asymmetrically across and within languages, thus confirming that people with aphasia are sensitive to compound‐internal structure. Moreover, they show that patients rely on varying structural information when accessing compounds.     

体位改变对腰椎前斜入路通道影响的影像学分析

目的:探讨体位变化对L1~L5腰椎前斜入路椎间融合术(oblique lateral interbody fusion,OLIF)通道大小的影响。方法:随机选取40例健康志愿者,分别在仰卧位及右侧卧位进行L1~L5 MRI扫描。在位于椎间盘中点的图像内定义椎间盘中心点为O;A(平卧位)/A′(右侧卧位)点以及B(平卧位)/B′(右侧卧位)点为∠AOB(∠A′OB′)达到最小值时主动脉(或髂血管)左侧壁以及腰大肌前内侧壁上的点,记录各节段AB及A′B′的距离,并在各节段将AB与A′B′比较;将L1~L5各节段的A′B′进行节段间比较,并探讨其与性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)及腰大肌截面积(relative psoas cross-sectional area,PCSA)之间的关系。结果 :40例志愿者的BMI值为18.4~26.5,6例存在主动脉高分叉现象;各节段AB和A′B′(mm):L1/2为14.80±3.89和12.37±3.62,L2/3为12.85±4.16和9.96±3.37,L3/4为12.24±4.10和10.85±3.30,L4/5为9.78±4.69和9.72±4.37;主动脉高分叉者L4/5为7.72±3.56和6.71±2.86。在L1/2、L2/3、L3/4节段A′B′值显著小于AB(P=0.005,0.003,0.020);L4/5节段无论是否存在主动脉高分叉现象均无统计学差异(P=0.946,0.097);不同节段间A′B′值存在显著差异(P=0.046),通道大小趋势为L1/2L3/4L2/3L4/5主动脉高分叉者L4/5(其中L1/2显著主动脉高分叉者L4/5,P=0.003);男女性间A′B′在各节段无统计学差异(P均0.05);BMI与PCSA在L3/4与A′B′呈负线性相关(P=0.015,0.000),而PCSA在L1/2也与A′B′呈负线性相关(P=0.024)。结论 :右侧卧位时,OLIF通道解剖空间在L1/2、L2/3、L3/4水平显著减少,平卧位MRI对通道空间评估价值有限;而且OLIF通道大小与腰椎节段水平有关,并且受BMI值和腰大肌横截面积影响。     

超声技术在椎管内麻醉穿刺中的应用进展

超声作为一种可视化技术,在椎管内麻醉穿刺中的应用取得了很大进展。椎管内麻醉是下腹部和下肢手术的常用麻醉方法。超声能够清楚地显示椎管及其周围解剖结构,使椎管内麻醉走向精准化具有重大意义。用超声在椎管内麻醉穿刺前扫描,可预测穿刺的困难程度、定位穿刺点、测量穿刺深度,从而提高椎管内麻醉穿刺的成功率;实时超声引导下椎管内麻醉穿刺能实时地观察穿刺针的角度和深度,使麻醉穿刺全程可见;将超声应用于困难椎管内穿刺及小儿椎管内穿刺,可降低多次穿刺带来的并发症及风险,具有深远的意义。     

15°头高斜坡侧卧位气管拔管对肥胖患者全麻恢复期呼吸功能的影响

目的评价15°头高斜坡侧卧位气管拔管对肥胖患者全麻恢复期呼吸功能的影响。方法选择全麻手术患者120例,男62例,女58例,年龄18～65岁,BMI≥28 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为四组,每组30例:平卧位组(C组)、15°头高斜坡仰卧位组(S组)、15°头高斜坡左侧卧位组(L组)和15°头高斜坡右侧卧位(R组)。所有患者均在全麻下完成手术。术毕C组采用平卧位,S组采用15°头高斜坡仰卧位,L组采用15°头高斜坡左侧卧位,R组采用15°头高斜坡右侧卧位。记录入室时(T_0)、拔管后1 min(T_1)、5 min(T_2)、30 min(T_3)、2 h(T_4)的SpO_2、PaO_2、MAP和HR;记录拔管时间和出室时间;记录咳嗽、咽痛、喉痉挛和舌后坠等不良反应的发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1—T_4时四组SpO_2明显降低(P0.05),T_1—T_2时四组MAP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05)。与C组比较,T_1—T_4时S组、L组、R组SpO_2、PaO_2明显升高(P0.05),T_1—T_2时四组MAP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P0.05),拔管时间和出室时间明显缩短(P0.05),L组、R组咳嗽、舌后坠发生率明显降低(P0.05)。与S组比较,T_1—T_4时L组、R组SpO_2、PaO_2明显升高(P0.05),拔管时间和出室时间明显缩短(P0.05),咳嗽、舌后坠发生率明显降低(P0.05)。四组咽痛发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 15°头高斜坡侧卧位气管拔管可改善肥胖患者全麻恢复期的氧储备,促进呼吸功能的恢复。     

我国医院药师在医疗机构中的定位与作用

目的:明确新医改形势下我国医院药师在医疗机构中的定位与作用。方法:介绍我国现有药师的分类并分析探讨其职责和定位。结果与结论:我国现有药师按专业不同可分为药师、中药师和临床药师;按职称职务可分为药士、药师、主管药师、副主任药师和主任药师;按是否注册可分为药师和执业药师。他们主要在医院药剂科、研究所、制药企业的研究部门、药检所以及药品的生产和流通等部门从事相关工作。医院药师在医疗机构中具有独立性、辅助性、经济性和结构上的立体性。在新医改政策下,医院药师并不是要放弃传统的医院药学工作,而是要增加临床药学的工作内容,使医院药师的队伍不断壮大,功能更加完善。传统的医院药学工作和现代的临床药学工作是相互促进、相互支撑的,都是医疗工作中不可或缺的组成部分,只有在做好传统医院药师本职工作的基础上来开展临床药学活动,才是医院药师正确的发展之道。     

消毒供应中心人员岗位层级管理与绩效二次考核分配体系的设计与实施

目的探讨科学的人员岗位层级管理与绩效二次考核分配办法在消毒供应中心的应用效果。方法从2019年1月开始,对河南省商丘市第一人民医院消毒供应中心全部工作人员(67名)的岗位类别、岗位劳动强度、技术风险级别、本专业人员层级划分、专科带教培训、岗位说明书修订、岗位能力等方面进行设置管理,应用竞聘机制,在护理部按消毒供应中心总人数发放绩效总金额的基础上,按照岗位工作量、工作质量、技术科研、服务满意度等对岗位绩效二次考核分配及岗位晋级进行科学的设计和实施。结果实行绩效二次考核分配管理前后,护士综合技能考核成绩比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各科对消毒供应中心工作满意度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);科室质控检查质控缺陷比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。工作人员民主测评中,对绩效分配非常满意43人,不满意的3人,不满意的内容为哺乳期岗位系数同其他岗位无差别。结论消毒供应中心人员岗位层级管理与绩效二次考核的实施,激发了各层级护士的潜能,调动了工作积极性,做到了层层有目标、事事有人管;全员参与管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,保证了护理安全和工作运行,取得了满意效果。