AbstractChildren are considered a vulnerable group and as such are granted additional protection as research subjects. Research projects using children as research subjects are justifiable if the answer to the scientific question of the study cannot be obtained by enrolling adult subjects (cf. scientific necessity). Thus, there is an ethical obligation to explore innovative analytical strategies that seek balance between the feasibility of conducting a trial and maximizing the utilization of data on efficacy and safety. On this note, there is enthusiasm for implementing some less popular but efficient alternative designs for confirmatory pediatric trials. Within the pediatric extrapolation paradigm, examples of such designs, other than purely based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data, are described in this article along with their advantages and disadvantages. This article will also discuss how to incorporate alternative data sources in the analysis of pediatric clinical trials. A discussion of existing approaches and a road-map to their utilization will be provided. Real case examples on the use of the approaches are provided. 相似文献
目的 分析公共卫生硕士(master of public health, MPH)毕业后的岗位胜任力情况,为优化公共卫生人才培养模式提供科学依据。方法 自制岗位胜任力问卷,回顾调查2016―2020年MPH培养模式中选修课程、专业实践及学位论文等内容,综合分析MPH培养模式与毕业入职后岗位胜任力之间的关系。结果 共调查69人,其中53人从事公共卫生相关工作,平均年龄为(37.5±2.3)岁,平均工作年限为(2.0±1.6)年。学院MPH培养方案在课程设置上基本满足公共卫生岗位胜任力的需求,但需在专业实践的时间和方式等方面改进,以提高MPH毕业后岗位胜任力。结论 加强核心课程建设,夯实专业实践环节,强化科教卫协同培养,是提升公共卫生人才岗位胜任力的主要途径。相似文献
Biologicals undergo modifications throughout their commercial lifecycle. Major changes can unintentionally magnify their inherent physicochemical variability. Although trials comparing the pre- and the post-change versions have been requested occasionally, analytical comparison is the most sensitive approach to anticipating clinical equivalence. Therefore, it may be concluded, by means of ‘extrapolation’, that non-identical versions of a given biologic will behave equally in all indications. Despite the lessons learned with original biologics, there are still controversies around the approval of biosimilars through extrapolation. Here, a comprehensive analysis of scattered information allows for an account of cases of original biologic versions approved in some indications with no patient trials involved. Healthcare professionals can be reassured that inasmuch as extrapolation has proven valid for new versions of original biologics, the same holds for biosimilars. 相似文献