对1例医院获得性肺炎患者的药学监护

1例56岁女性患者外院行右侧听神经瘤切除术后伴医院获得性肺炎入院。入院后给予抗炎、祛痰、改善脑循环等综合治疗。在抗感染治疗中,经验治疗优先采用青霉素类,然后根据痰细菌培养及药敏试验结果,临床药师建议抗生素调整为头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠,并根据患者病情,在安全范围内加大剂量来提高疗效;由于替硝唑葡萄糖注射液的半衰期较长,建议调整其剂量和用药频度;并对哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠的不良反应进行监测。     

老年护理医院院内获得性肺炎185例分析

目的作者调查上海市卢湾区老年护理医院院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的发病情况和探讨其防治措施。方法回顾性调查了2008年1月至2011年12月的4年期间在卢湾区老年护理医院发病的185例HAP患者的临床资料,分析患者的中、重度基础疾病,发生HAP的危险因素和致病菌情况等。结果①HAP发生率为8.5%(185/2164例),死亡率为31.89%(59/185例)。②HAP的主要危险因素为年龄>70岁、中风后遗症、营养不良、晚期肿瘤、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)等。③主要致病菌为肠杆菌族,铜绿假单胞菌,草绿色链球菌+奈瑟菌及金黄色葡萄球菌等。结论老年护理医院院的HAP易发生于年龄>70岁,有中、重度基础疾病的患者,死亡率高,其主要致病菌为革兰阴性(G-)杆菌。治疗原则是提高机体免疫力,积极治疗基础病和有效抗炎。     

Ceftobiprole: drug evaluation and place in therapy

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Ceftobiprole is a fifth-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including also methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ceftobiprole is approved for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, in several European and non-European countries.

Areas covered: In this narrative review, we discuss the current place in therapy of ceftobiprole, both within and outside approved indications. An inductive MEDLINE/PubMed search of the available literature was conducted.

Expert opinion: There are three main reasons which render ceftobiprole an attractive option for the empirical and targeted treatment of CAP and HAP: (i) its broad spectrum of activity; (ii) its activity against MRSA; (iii) its good safety profile. For these indications, ceftobiprole should be employed thoughtfully, in those scenarios in which its intrinsic advantages could be maximized. The use of ceftobiprole outside approved indications could be justified in specific scenarios, such as when other approved alternatives are ineffective, when the risk of toxicity due to other agents is unacceptable, and for salvage therapy. In the near future, ongoing phase 3 studies and further observational experiences could both enlarge the current panel of approved indications and enrich our knowledge on the use of ceftobiprole for off-label indications.     

Healthcare-associated pneumonia: principles and emerging concepts on management

Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is a relatively new entity that includes pneumonia occurring in healthcare settings other than acute-care hospitals. Many patients with HCAP are at greater risk for colonization and infection with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-negative bacilli-producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infections with these MDR pathogens require different empiric antibiotic therapy. To avoid initiation of inappropriate antibiotic therapy that may result in poorer patient outcomes, new principles for HCAP management were outlined in the 2005 American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines. These guidelines were suggested for patients assessed in acute-care hospitals and clinics, and may not be applicable for all patients with suspected HCAP in nursing homes and other long-term care settings. This review article addresses HCAP management strategies in both clinical settings.     

Long-term (5 years) effects of bosentan in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Introduction and objectives

Bosentan has proven efficacy in pulmonary hypertension in the short term. Little is known about its effects beyond 2 to 3 years. Our objective was to analyze the efficacy and safety of bosentan in the long term (5 years) in patients treated in our center.

Methods

This retrospective study sequentially analyzed clinical, functional, and laboratory parameters in a series of patients treated initially with bosentan as monotherapy from 2002 to 2009 in a single hospital. Treatment success was defined as survival without clinical worsening that required additional pulmonary vasodilators.

Results

We included 20 patients (70% women, mean age 46±14 years, 65% congenital heart disease), with a median follow-up of 64 months. One patient required withdrawal of bosentan due to adverse effects. At 4 months, significant improvements were achieved in hemodynamic, clinical and functional parameters. Clinical and functional benefits persisted at 5-year follow-up. Overall 5-year survival after beginning bosentan therapy was 95% (84%-100%). Treatment success at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years was 95% (84%-100%), 83% (65%-100%), 78% (58%-98%), 61% (38%-84%), and 41% (16%-66%), respectively. The group with better outcomes had NT-proBNP levels at 1 year <400 pg/mL (P=.013).

Conclusions

In our series, treatment success with bosentan in monotherapy was maintained in 78% at 3-year follow-up and 41% at 5-year follow-up. The group with long-term success showed significantly lower NT-proBNP levels at 1-year follow-up. Survival at 5 years in our series was 95%.Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org     

纳米ZnO改性HAP晶须的工艺研究

利用纳米氧化锌良好的生物相容性和抗菌特性以及羟基磷灰石的生物活性,制备羟基磷灰石／氧化锌纳米复合生物材料,以发挥其综合优势。方法：用溶胶一凝胶法制备了羟基磷灰石／纳米氧化锌复合材料,以光学显微镜、透射电镜（TEM）对复合材料的物相、组成进行了分析。结果：实现了羟基磷灰石和氧化锌以纳米级形式复合,且它们之间产生了化学键合。结论：该种无机纳米复合材料可用于口腔修复和制备新型无机／有机纳米复合生物活性材料。