An immunohistochemical study of neuronal and glial cell reactions in retinae of rats with experimental glaucoma

Glaucoma is a common disease seen in the eye clinic, but its associated pathological processes, especially the role of glial cells in glaucomatous retinae, are still under debate. The aim of the present work was to study the responses of astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia in retinae of rats with experimental glaucoma. Glaucoma was induced in adult male Wistar rats by cauterizing limbal-derived veins and the changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), OX42, OX18, OX6 and EDI expression were studied by immunohistochemical staining. Neuronal cell viability was studied by immunostaining with the neuronal nuclei (NeuN) antibody. In the experimental glaucomatous eyes, a significant drop in the number of NeuN-positive neurons was observed from 7 days postoperation and beyond in both the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. The expression of GFAP and OX42 was increased during the first 2 months after operation and reduced in rats at 3 and 4 months. OX6 and OX18 immunoreactivity was induced in some microglia of both glaucomatous and sham-operated control eyes. Possible mechanisms of the reaction of astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia in neuronal degeneration following glaucoma are discussed.     

原发性开角型青光眼与高血压的关系

目的 探讨原发性开角型青光眼与高血压病的关系．方法 随机选择确诊原发性开角型青光眼50例，高血压病50例，观察眼压、血压、视乳头C／D比，视野，归纳总结．结果 50例原发性开角型青光眼中，血压高者25例(50％)．50例高血压病中，眼压高者38例(76％)，视野损害40例(80％)，光敏度下降35例(70％)，中心暗点25例(50％)，周边视野缩小17例(34％)，生理盲点扩大17例(34％)．结论 原发性开角型青光眼与高血压病有极大关联．     

Self-Regulated Facial Muscle Tension Effects on Intraocular Pressure

This study was designed to examine the relationship between orbicularis muscle tension around the eyes and fluctuations in intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal subjects. Using a biofeedback paradigm, 20 male and female subjects were asked to increase and decrease their EMG activity from the orbicularis muscle while receiving EMG feedback. Subjects received 3 alternating blocks of trials in which they attempted to increase and decrease muscle tension while maintaining the eyes open. A fourth trial consisted of a forceful closure of the eyes during the increase period. IOP was measured every 60 s throughout the entire sequence, and electrodes placed above and below the eye recorded eyeblinks. Results suggest that IOP increases with increases in facial muscle tension in normal subjects, a finding which cannot be accounted for by changes in eyeblink frequency. These results imply that increases in IOP occur during periods of increased muscle tension around the eye and suggest that muscle tension levels should be examined among individuals who have abnormally high IOP levels.     

毛果芸香碱和布林佐胺滴眼液对兔眼表组织的影响

目的：探讨抗青光眼药物毛果芸香碱和布林佐胺滴眼液及各自的防腐剂三氯叔丁醇和氯化苯甲烃胺（BAC）对兔眼表组织的影响。方法:选取新西兰大白兔15只，分为正常对照组（3只）、毛果芸香碱组（A组，6只）和布林佐胺组（B组，6只）。用药组右眼使用青光眼药物毛果芸香碱或布林佐胺滴眼液，左眼使用对应的防腐剂三氯叔丁醇或BAC，连续用药30 d。取球结膜组织行苏木素－伊红（HE）染色计数结膜上皮层炎症细胞数；角膜行扫描电镜检测并进行上皮损害分级评分。结果:与正常对照组比较，布林佐胺滴眼液（P<0.01）和防腐剂BAC（P<0.01）导致球结膜上皮层炎症细胞浸润增多；毛果芸香碱滴眼液（P>0.05）和三氯叔丁醇（P>0.05）引起的球结膜炎症细胞增多不明显。布林佐胺滴眼液导致球结膜炎症细胞增加的程度较毛果芸香碱滴眼液严重（P<0.01）。青光眼药物和防腐剂均可导致兔角膜上皮超微结构的损伤，表现为角膜上皮细胞六边形结构变为不规则、边界不清、细胞膜皱缩、细胞间距增宽、上皮细胞表面的微绒毛丢失、细胞空洞和暗细胞增加。布林佐胺滴眼液和BAC引起的角膜损害较毛果芸香碱滴眼液（P<0.01）和三氯叔丁醇明显（P<0.05）。各组左右两眼的球结膜炎症细胞数和角膜损害评分均无显著差异。结论:布林佐胺滴眼液和防腐剂BAC使用1个月后可导致兔球结膜炎症细胞增加和角膜上皮细胞损伤，毛果芸香碱滴眼液和三氯叔丁醇主要引起角膜上皮超微结构的变化；防腐剂是引起眼表损伤的主要原因。布林佐胺滴眼液对兔眼表的损伤较毛果芸香碱滴眼液严重。     

Prevention of hypotony after trabeculectomies with mitomycine

Hypotony with reduced a reduced visual acuity is often seen after trabeculectomy with mitomycine. In this study we describe measures such as reattaching the sleral flap with at least seven nylon sutures and the controlled and delayed use of argon laser suture lysis. With these preventative measures the percentage of hypotonies (IOP 6 mmHg) three months after surgery was reduced from 38 to 15% and chronically reduced visual acuity was reduced from 38 to 5%. With these adaptations in the surgical technique the complication rate of trabeculectomies with mitomycine can be markedly reduced without affecting the mean IOP (10.9 mmHg versus 10.8 mmHg) three months after surgery and the percentage of eyes with IOP 18 mmHg or less without medication (94 versus 91%).     

原发性闭角型青光眼房水蛋白含量的检测及其与中医证型关系的研究

对115例原发性闭角型青光眼和34例老年性白内障患者的房水蛋白进行了测定。结果：闭角型青光眼 疾病分类各组及中医证型各组均表现为房水白蛋白和总蛋白含量增高,与老年性白内障组相比,各组均有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01）。闭角型青光眼疾病分类组间比较及中医证型组间比较,房水白蛋白和总蛋白含量亦均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）或非常显著性差异（P＜0．01）。证明原发性闭角型青光眼患者的血－房水障碍功能遭受破坏,房水的粘度增加,房水淤积于眼内。     

斗门县农村中老年人群原发闭角性青光眼流行病学调查

【目的】调查 5 0岁以上的中老年人群中的原发闭角性青光眼患病率。【方法】 1997年在广东省斗门县以村为单位 ,通过重组随机整群抽样确定检查对象 ,用ETDRS视力表检查裸眼视力、常戴镜视力和针孔视力 ,Schiotz计测定眼压 ,直接电眼底镜作视神经垂直C/D比的估计 ,手电筒侧照法和vanHerrick法测定前房深度 ,并结合急性发作史、前房角镜和视野检查作出诊断。【结果】在 5 34 2名实检对象 (受检率 92 7% )中 ,青光眼是第 5位致盲眼病。原发闭角性青光眼的患病率为1 0 % ,男性和女性中分别为 0 8%和 1 2 % ,在 5 0～ 5 9、6 0～ 6 9和 70～ 98岁年龄组中分别为 0 4%、0 8%和 1 6 % ,浅前房人群中为 5 9% ,经logistic回归校正混杂作用后 ,年龄和前房深度为独立的危险因素 ,以 5 0岁年龄组和深前房者为基准 ,70～ 98岁年龄组和浅前房者的调整比数比分别为 3 3和 11 3。【结论】原发闭角性青光眼是人群中重要的致盲眼病 ,老年和浅前房者是危险人群。     

房水引流植入物手术治疗顽固性青光眼

目的 :探讨房水机械引流手术在顽固性青光眼治疗中的应用价值。方法 :采用国产房水引流植入物 ,共治疗 11例(11眼 )顽固性青光眼 ,其中新生血管性青光眼 6眼 ,原发性绝对期青光眼 3眼 ,滤过性手术失败者 2眼。结果 :术后随访 3个月～9个月 ,平均 6 .5个月 ,眼压由术前 38mm Hg～ 6 7m m Hg降至术后 7mm Hg～ 33m m Hg。术后常见并发症浅前房 ,前房积血等。结论 :房水引流植入物手术为顽固性青光眼的治疗提供了新的途径。     

压力对体外培养牛眼小梁细胞的影响

目的 观察压力对小梁细胞的影响。方法 对体外培养牛眼小梁细胞施以不同程度的压力,用倒置相差显微镜、光镜、电镜观察细胞形态结构及吞噬功能的变化。结果 细胞承受２．００ｋｐａ（１ｋｐａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）、２．６７ｋｐａ压力４８小时,各项指标与对照组比较,差异无显著性。４．００ｋｐａ２４小时,细胞形态结构有轻度的损伤,吞噬功能有轻度下降。当压力进一步增加,时间更加延长后,细胞的损伤也更重。结论小梁细胞只     

Whole-blood pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of the topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dorzolamide

Following a single-dose, open-label, pilot pharmacokinetic study in six subjects, the systemic pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of dorzolamide after topical ocular administration were investigated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study in 12 healthy volunteers. The subjects received a controlled diet on the 5 days before treatment initiation and throughout the study. For 14 days, a bilateral q.i.d. regimen of 3% dorzolamide, consisting of approximately 7.7 g per day (21.3 mol) dorzolamide hydrochloride, or placebo was given. Blood and urine electrolytes and acid-base profiles were measured 1 day prior to treatment and on days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment, and 24-h urine samples were collected daily.Topically applied dorzolamide was slowly taken up in erythrocytes and eliminated with a half life of approximately 120 days. Compared to the pre-study values, no significant treatment effect was observed in either the daily profiles or the 14-day cumulative sodium, potassium and citrate excretions. Two other volunteers given acetazolamide (125 mg q.i.d.) and assessed with the identical set of observations demonstrated marked metabolic changes.In spite of the prolonged and marked inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells by dorzolamide, clinically significant metabolic and renal effects were not observed. The ocular tolerability profile was acceptable to all subjects.