细胞周期调控基因p21和p27单核苷酸多态性与卵巢上皮性癌的关系

目的 探讨细胞周期调控基因p21和p27的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与卵巢上皮性癌(卵巢癌)发病风险的关系.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测234例卵巢癌患者(卵巢癌组)和284例健康妇女(对照组)p21基因C/T和p27基因V/G SNP位点基因型和等位基因的频率分布.结果 (1)对照组妇女p21基因的C/C、C/T和T/T基因型频率分别为34.2%、49.6%和16.2%,C和T等位基因频率分别为59.0%和41.0%;卵巢癌组患者3种基因型频率分别为28.2%、53.0%和18.8%,C和T等位基因频率分别为54.7%和45.3%.两组基因型频率和等位基因频率分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3种基因型频率在4种病理类型的卵巢癌中的分布有明显差异(P=0.02),C/C基因型降低子宫内膜样癌的发病风险(OR为0.56,95%CI为0.32～0.98).(2)对照组妇女p27基因V/V、V/G和G/G基因型频率分别为88.4%、10.9%租0.7%,V和G等位基因频率分别为93.8%和6.2%;卵巢癌组患者的基因型频率分别为93.6%、5.1%和1.3%,V和G等位基因频率分别为96.2%和3.8%.两组基因型频率分布比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.04),等位基因频率分布比较,差异则无统计学意义(P=0.09).与V/G和G/G基因型比较,V/V基因型增加卵巢癌的发病风险(OR为1.92,95%CI为1.02～3.63).结论 p21基因C/T多态性的C/C基因型可能降低子宫内膜样癌的发病风险,p27基因的V/V基因型可能是卵巢癌发病的潜在危险因素.     

Thrombophilic mutations in pre-eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension

AIM: The aim of the present study was to determine the existence or prevalence of thrombophilic markers such as Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, protein S, protein C, activated protein C and anti-thrombin in pre-eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertensive patients. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from a total number of 124 women at the maternity unit, University of Malaya Medical Center. These included 49 patients with pre-eclampsia, 63 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension and 12 normal pregnant women. DNA was extracted from the blood samples. Factor V Leiden (Taq I) and prothrombin G20210A (Hind III) genotyping was done on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Anti-thrombin activity and the concentrations of protein C, protein S and activated protein C were measured using the IL Coagulation System (Hemosil). RESULTS: Of the 124 subjects, one pre-eclampsia patient was homozygous for Factor V Leiden mutation but prothrombin G20210A mutation was not present in any of the subjects. The subject with Factor V Leiden mutation also had a low activated protein C resistance and a low protein S concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Factor V Leiden mutation is present in the Asian population and may very well serve as one of the genetic factors responsible for pre-eclampsia and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.     

Inherited thrombophilias and pre-eclampsia in Brazilian women

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the distribution of G1691A, G20210A and C677T mutations in pre-eclamptic Brazilian women and in matched control women with an uncomplicated normal pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: these mutations were investigated by PCR-RFLP in 83 normal pregnancies (control group) and in 30 pre-eclamptic pregnant women (severe form). RESULTS: G1691A mutation was detected neither in the control group nor in pre-eclamsia women. G20210A mutation was detected in heterozygosis in 3 (3.61%) control subjects, but not in pre-eclampsia group. C677T mutation was detected in homozygosis in 6 (7.23%) control subjects and 2 (6.67%) pre-eclamptic women and in heterozygosis in 31 (37.3%) control subjects and 12 (40%) pre-eclamptic women. Differences in the mutation frequencies detected in the two groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between pre-eclampsia and presence of G1691A, G20210A and C677T mutations in Brazilian women.     

胫骨交锁髓内钉术后感染分析

目的：探讨胫腌骨骨折交锁髓内钉术后感染的预防与治疗方法。方法;对12例术后感染的病例进行回顾性分析。3例经过抗菌素治疗,9例经过闭式滴不引流加抗菌素治疗,结果;全部病例获随访,随访时间10个月－2年,感染控制,骨折愈合,结论：对胫骨交锁髓内钉术后感染的病人,不必急于取出内固定,采用闭式滴注引流加抗菌素治疗可获得满意效果。     

实验性脾气虚大鼠血清胃泌素、胃窦G细胞的变化及黄芪建中汤的干预

[目的]探讨脾气虚证大鼠血清胃泌素（gastrin,GAS）、胃窦黏膜胃泌素分泌细胞（G）的变化及黄芪建中汤的干预作用。[方法]以三因素复合的方法复制脾气虚证大鼠模型,随后分别以黄芪建中汤低、中、高剂量对脾气虚大鼠进行复健,在干预后不同时间段,分别检测血清木糖浓度、血清肌酸磷酸激酶活性、血清GAS水平及胃窦G细胞等指标。[结果]随用药时间的延长,各用药组上述指标逐步恢复;中、高剂量组用药21天时,与同期模型组比较,差异有显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;其中,高剂量组对G细胞数的改善作用,优于中剂量组（P〈0.05）。[结论]脾气虚证胃窦G细胞数量减少,释放GAS减少,血清GAS水平降低;黄芪建中汤对脾气虚大鼠有可靠的治疗作用,中、高剂量均为有效用药浓度,尤以高剂量更为理想。     

流式细胞术检测98例献血者外周血HLA-B27的临床意义

目的 通过对98例献血者外周血HLA—B27的检测，建立并优化测定HLA-B27的流式细胞术，并评价B7在早期辅助临床诊断以强直性脊柱炎为代表的脊柱关节病中的应用价值。方法 分别采用EDTA和肝素钠两种不同的抗凝剂，以及加单抗不同的量(7～30μl)检测2个B27阳性和9个B27阴性个体的全血，采用EDTA抗凝和15μl的单抗剂量检测献血者外周血，探寻流式细胞术检测HLA-B27的最佳实验条件；另以微量淋巴细胞毒实验分别对2例阳性标本和9例阴性标本进行验证。结果 通过微量淋巴细胞毒和流式细胞术两种方法检测98例献血者外周HLA-B27中2例为阳性，96例为阴性，且EDTA和肝素钠两种不同的抗凝剂，以及加单抗不同的量(7～30μl)对流式细胞术检测HLA-B7无任何影响。结论 优化并建立了一种简便省时、稳定性和重复性皆好的流式细胞仪用于检测HLA-B27的方法；HLA-B27与强直性脊柱炎高度相关，HLA-B27检测已成为临床支持以强直性脊柱炎为首的脊柱关节病的诊断与鉴别诊断的重要依据，具有重要的临床意义。     

模拟肽Gap27抑制缝隙连接蛋白43在帕金森病小鼠模型中的作用

目的探索在6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine，6-OHDA)诱导的帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease，PD)小鼠模型中，应用缝隙连接蛋白43(connexin 43，Cx43)选择性抑制剂模拟肽Gap27能否改善多巴胺神经元死亡以及对Cx43表达的影响。方法将18只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、6-OHDA组与6-OHDA+Gap27组，每组6只，进行双侧黑质脑立体定位注射。对照组注射抗坏血酸盐溶液，6-OHDA组注射6-OHDA溶液，6-OHDA+Gap27组注射6-OHDA和Gap27混合溶液，用免疫组织化学法对多巴胺神经元标志物酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase，TH)染色检测多巴胺神经元数量，实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction，qRT-PCR)检测Cx43信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid，mRNA)表达，免疫荧光染色检测Cx43蛋白分布，Western blot法检测小鼠中脑Cx43蛋白及Cx43的第368位点丝氨酸磷酸化(Cx43 phosphorylation at serine 368，Cx43-ps368)蛋白含量。结果注射6-OHDA后，小鼠出现黑质多巴胺神经元大量死亡，6-OHDA组TH阳性神经元数量降为对照组的27.7%±0.02%(P < 0.01)，模拟肽Gap27的使用减少了多巴胺神经元死亡数量，6-OHDA+Gap27组TH阳性神经元数量为6-OHDA组的(1.64±0.16)倍(P < 0.05)；此外，6-OHDA引起Cx43蛋白含量增加，Cx43-ps368蛋白含量降低。Gap27减弱了6-OHDA引起的Cx43蛋白与Cx43-ps368蛋白含量变化，6-OHDA组中脑总Cx43蛋白含量为6-OHDA+Gap27组的(1.44±0.07)倍(P < 0.05)，为对照组的(1.68±0.07)倍(P < 0.01)，且6-OHDA组Cx43-ps368蛋白含量及占总Cx43蛋白比例显著低于6-OHDA+Gap27组(P＜0.05)。结论模拟肽Gap27在6-OHDA诱导的小鼠模型中可减少黑质多巴胺神经元死亡从而发挥神经保护作用，6-OHDA引起的Cx43蛋白过表达对多巴胺神经元可能存在神经毒性，而降低Cx43蛋白水平及维持Cx43-ps368蛋白水平可能是Gap27发挥保护作用的机制。     

下颌下腺保存治疗新技术体系的建立与应用

<正>下颌下腺系三大唾液腺之一,其分泌的唾液占静止性唾液总量的60%～65%,在人体维持吞咽、消化、味觉、语言等口腔器官的功能以及口腔黏膜保护和龋齿预防等方面均起到非常重要的作用。既往口腔颌面外科多种疾病的传统治疗过程常常牺牲下颌下腺,导致患者程度不等的口干及生活质量下降。因此,探讨下颌下腺相关疾病治疗的新技术,有效保存作为功能器官的下颌下腺,对于预防口干及相关口腔疾病至关重要。北京大学口腔医学院唾液腺疾病研究中心历经15年,     

褐藻素通过调控Nrf2/Keap1通路缓解糖尿病大鼠心肌肥大

目的探索褐藻素（FX）对糖尿病心肌病的保护效应和作用机制。方法腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型，进行分组：糖尿病组（DM）、褐藻素干预糖尿病组（DM+FX）和二甲双胍干预糖尿病组（DM+Met），另取正常大鼠给予正常喂养作为正常组（Con）。造模成功后连续12周每日灌胃给药，褐藻素组每日给予200 mg/kg褐藻素灌胃，二甲双胍组每日给予230 mg/kg灌胃，糖尿病组同步灌胃生理盐水。HE染色观察各组大鼠心脏细胞肥大情况；Western blot法检测大鼠心脏中纤维化蛋白TGF-β1和FN蛋白表达水平。H9C2细胞分为3组：正常糖组（NG，5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖）、高糖组（HG，45 mmol/L葡萄糖）和褐藻素干预高糖组（HG+1 μmol/L FX）。FITC标记的鬼笔环肽检测大鼠心肌细胞H9C2表面积变化；qRT-PCR法测定各组细胞肥大因子ANP、BNP和β-MHC基因表达变化；Western blot法检测各组大鼠心脏组织和H9C2细胞中Nrf2、Keap1、HO-1、SOD1蛋白表达水平；DCFH-DA探针检测细胞内活性氧水平变化。结果褐藻素改善糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化和心肌细胞肥大，同时上调心脏组织中Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达，抑制Keap1蛋白表达（P < 0.05）。褐藻素可抑制高糖诱导H9C2心肌细胞表面积增加，降低ANP、BNP和β-MHC的mRNA表达水平（P < 0.05）。褐藻素可促进高糖诱导的H9C2细胞中Nrf2入核，上调下游靶蛋白SOD1和HO-1蛋白表达（P < 0.05）来增强细胞抗氧化能力，降低细胞内活性氧的水平。结论褐藻素具有良好的抗糖尿病心肌纤维化和心肌细胞肥大作用，同时上调Nrf2信号通路并促进下游抗氧化蛋白SOD1和HO-1的表达，降低活性氧水平。     

The M1 muscarinic receptor is present in situ as a ligand-regulated mixture of monomers and oligomeric complexes

The quaternary organization of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors in native tissues is unknown. To address this we generated mice in which the M₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was replaced with a C-terminally monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP)–linked variant. Fluorescence imaging of brain slices demonstrated appropriate regional distribution, and using both anti-M₁ and anti–green fluorescent protein antisera the expressed transgene was detected in both cortex and hippocampus only as the full-length polypeptide. M₁-mEGFP was expressed at levels equal to the M₁ receptor in wild-type mice and was expressed throughout cell bodies and projections in cultured neurons from these animals. Signaling and behavioral studies demonstrated M₁-mEGFP was fully active. Application of fluorescence intensity fluctuation spectrometry to regions of interest within M₁-mEGFP–expressing neurons quantified local levels of expression and showed the receptor was present as a mixture of monomers, dimers, and higher-order oligomeric complexes. Treatment with both an agonist and an antagonist ligand promoted monomerization of the M₁-mEGFP receptor. The quaternary organization of a class A G protein-coupled receptor in situ was directly quantified in neurons in this study, which answers the much-debated question of the extent and potential ligand-induced regulation of basal quaternary organization of such a receptor in native tissue when present at endogenous expression levels.

Measuring and understanding the extent and potential significance of quaternary organization of members of the class A (rhodopsin-like) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have both fascinated and frustrated researchers for many years (1, 2). Over time, a wide range of methods have been applied to address this question, and many different GPCRs have been examined. Outcomes have ranged from assertions that such receptors are monomeric and that results consistent with other conclusions reflect either artifacts of the method of measurement or that studies have been performed at nonphysiological levels of expression of the receptor being studied, to those that have suggested rather stable dimeric or tetrameric complexes (1). Only in the case of rhodopsin, the photon receptor expressed at very high levels (in the range of 24,000–30,000 molecules/µm²) in rod outer segments of the eye, have detailed studies been conducted in situ on a class A GPCR. In this example, various studies have shown that rhodopsin is organized as rows of dimers (3, 4). However, to our knowledge, no other GPCR is expressed natively at levels akin to rhodopsin. As such, although a substantial number of studies, generally performed in transfected cell lines or in artificial bilayer systems, have provided evidence that other GPCRs can and do form dimeric and/or higher-order quaternary complexes in a concentration-dependent manner (1, 2), how levels of expression required to observe such complexes relate to expression levels in native cells and tissues has been poorly defined, as is the stability of such complexes and whether they are regulated by ligand binding.Developments in fluorescence fluctuation analysis (FFA) have facilitated efforts to define the oligomeric status of transmembrane receptor proteins (5, 6). Unlike methods based on resonance energy transfer, only a single fluorophore-linked protein is required to be expressed to use FFA. It is, therefore, more practical to use such methods in native cells and tissues if linked to genome-editing approaches and/or the generation of transgenic “knock-in” animal models in which a receptor of interest is replaced with a fluorophore-tagged, modified form of the receptor. Moreover, the recent introduction of fluorescence intensity fluctuation (FIF) spectrometry (7–10) has overcome issues with other methods based on FFA that result in information being compressed due to averaging of oligomer-size data from interrogated regions of interest (RoIs) in which complex mixtures of oligomers of different sizes may be present (7, 8).To define whether the class A M₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is present in hippocampal and cortical neurons as strict monomers or as a range of monomeric, dimeric, and, potentially, oligomeric complexes, we applied FIF spectrometry to images of such neurons isolated from a line of transgenic mice in which we replaced the M₁ receptor with a form of the receptor that includes C-terminally linked monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP). We first show that both expression levels and function of the introduced M₁-mEGFP construct appear equivalent to the native M₁ receptor in wild-type (WT) mice, using a range of methods and measures ranging from [³H]ligand binding and cell signaling assays to locomotion. We then demonstrate in hippocampal and cortical neurons that in the basal state, the M₁-mEGFP construct is present as a mixture of monomers and dimeric or oligomeric complexes. We also show that the presence of either an agonist or an antagonist ligand promotes monomerization of the receptor. In these studies, we combined analysis of images of a fluorophore-modified receptor in situ with calculation of receptor oligomer complexity. The studies provide a clear and unambiguous answer to a long-standing question that has been the subject of considerable debate (11–13) but that has previously been restricted to studies performed on transfected cell lines. Moreover, these studies are a model for subsequent studies for researchers who plan to explore the topic of dimerization of rhodopsin-family GPCRs.