吗啡依赖大鼠纹状体内神经甾体水平的变化

目的:探讨吗啡躯体依赖、精神依赖和戒断对♂大鼠纹状体内神经甾体水平的影响。方法:高效液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠纹状体和血浆中脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)及其硫酸酯(DHEAS)、孕烯醇酮(PREG)及其硫酸酯(PREGS)和别孕烯醇酮(AP)的含量。结果:(1)与纳洛酮对照组比较,纳洛酮催促吗啡戒断大鼠的纹状体内PREG的含量显著升高(P<0.01);血浆中PREG、AP、DHEAS和PREGS的含量显著升高(P<0.01),而DHEA的含量显著降低(P<0.01);(2)与生理盐水对照组比较,吗啡精神依赖大鼠的纹状体内DHEA和PREG的含量显著升高(P<0.01),血浆中DHEA的水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:慢性吗啡处理可影响大鼠纹状体内某些神经甾体的水平,表明神经甾体可能参与吗啡依赖的形成。     

海洛因依赖者与精神障碍的共病分析

目的:了解海洛因依赖者其它精神障碍的患病情况.方法:应用DSM-Ⅲ-R用定式临床检查手册和DSM-Ⅲ-R人格障碍用定式临床检查手册,调查了113名自愿戒毒的海洛因依赖者DSM-Ⅲ-R轴Ⅰ其它精神障碍和DSM-Ⅲ-R轴Ⅱ人格障碍的诊断情况.结果:心境障碍与物质滥用共患率较高.终生患病率55.7%,现患率60.2%.海洛因依赖者还伴有其它类型的精神活性物质使用障碍,终生患病率是59.2%,现患率是37.2%.轴Ⅱ人格障碍总患病率达到89.7%.边缘型人格障碍(61.7%)和强迫型人格障碍(58.5%)最常见,其次是偏执型人格障碍(52.1%).结论:自愿戒毒的海洛因依赖者中较多合并其它精神障碍.为了加强治疗效果预防复吸应更加关注共患疾病的诊断和治疗.     

吗啡依赖对大鼠不同脑区内神经甾体水平的影响

目的建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型，探讨吗啡精神依赖对大鼠脑内神经甾体水平的影响。方法 大鼠连续10 d腹腔注射吗啡5 mg·kg^-1，诱导CPP形成。高效液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠伏隔核、杏仁核、下丘脑和血浆中脱氢表雄酮、孕烯醇酮、别孕烯醇酮、脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯及孕烯醇酮硫酸酯的含量。结果经10 d吗啡训练后，吗啡组大鼠在伴药侧的停留时间显著长于对照组，吗啡诱导的大鼠CPP形成。与对照组相比，吗啡组大鼠下丘脑内孕烯醇酮明显降低，伏隔核和血浆中的脱氢表雄酮明显降低。结论吗啡诱导CPP形成，吗啡处理影响大鼠脑内某些神经甾体的水平，表明内源性神经甾体可能参与吗啡依赖的形成。     

Measurement of aggregate risk with copulas

Summary When aggregating financial risk on a portfolio level, the specification of the dependence structure between the risk factors plays an important role. Promising parametric models are often based on a so-called copula approach. Case studies of market crashes suggest the application of concepts allowing for extremal dependence. We present a transformed copula as a new model that both fits the data and allows for exact prediction in the tails. It turns out that the new model improves benchmark models like the t- or Clayton copula with respect to risk measures like VaR or Expected Shortfall. By performing different goodness-of-fit tests, the quality of the estimation is examined.     

43例海洛因依赖者并发带状疱疹和HIV感染分析

目的 :了解海洛因依赖者中并发带状疱疹和感染HIV之间的关系。方法 :对收治的戒毒人员中并发带状疱疹的患者进行抗 -HIV抗体检测。结果 :海洛因依赖者中并发带状疱疹的 4 3例患者抗 -HIV抗体均为阳性。结论 :在今后的戒毒治疗中 ,如遇感染带状疱疹的患者 ,应高度怀疑为HIV感染者或进入艾滋病发病期的病人 ,在诊断治疗、护理、隔离和防护工作中应予以高度重视。     

Opiate physical dependence and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

The present review focused the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in morphine physical dependence. The increased levels of extracellular glutamate, NMDA receptor ζ subunit (NR1) mRNA, NMDA receptor 1 subunit (NR2A) protein, phosphorylated Ca²⁺/calmodulin kinase II (p-CaMKII) protein, c-fos mRNA, c-Fos protein, are observed in the specific brain areas of mice and/or rats showing signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In preclinical and clinical studies, a variety of NMDA receptor antagonists and pretreatment with an antisense oligonucleotide of the NR1 have been reported to inhibit the development, expression and/or maintenance of opiate physical dependence. In contrast to data obtained in adult animals, NMDA receptor antagonists are neither effective in blocking the development of opiate dependence nor the expression of opiate withdrawal in neonatal rats. In the NMDA receptor-deficient mice, the NR2A knockout mice show the marked loss of typical withdrawal abstinence behaviors precipitated by naloxone. The rescue of NR2A protein by electroporation into the nucleus accumbens of NR2A knockout mice reverses the loss of abstinence behaviors. The activation of CaMKII and increased expression of c-Fos protein in the brain of animals with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome are prevented by NMDA receptor antagonists, whereas the increased levels of extracellular glutamate are not prevented by them. These findings indicate that glutamatergic neurotransmission at the NMDA receptor site contributes to the development, expression and maintenance of opiate dependence, and suggest that NMDA receptor antagonists may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of opiate dependence.     

Dependence of the thymidylate synthase inhibition rate on the interval after the last administration of tegafur in sigmoid colon cancer patients

The thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibition rate was measured after tegafur (FT) administration (1.5 g/day, at least 10 days) in 7 sigmoid colon cancer patients. The TS inhibition rate decreased as the interval between the time of the last administration and the time of the tumor resection increased longer. This study provides basic data for considering methods of drug administration and assessment of modification, for example, by leucovorin. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Screening for Nicotine Dependence among Smoking-related Cancer Patients

To identify lung and head-and-neck cancer patients who will have difficulty stopping smoking it is necessary to measure the severity of their nicotine dependence. In this study, we compiled a Japanese version of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and examined its reliability and validity. One hundred and fifty-one cancer patients participated in this study and took our Japanese version of the FTND. Socio-demographic and medical data and information about smoking habits were obtained from a semi-structured interview, and the patients' nicotine dependence was evaluated according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Ed., Rev. (DSM–III–R). The mean FTND scores±SD of the group with nicotine dependence and the group without nicotine dependence were 6.85±2.00 and 3.70±2.13 respectively, and the difference was significant ( P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney's U-test). The test-retest correlation was 0.75. Cronbach's a of the FTND was 0.66. The FTND score correlated significantly with the number of satisfied criteria of nicotine dependence ( r =0.70; P <0.001, Pearson's correlation). By using a receiver-operating-characteristic curve, we determined a score of 5/6 as a suitable cut-off point for nicotine dependence; this point gave high sensitivity and specificity (0.75 and 0.80, respectively). These results suggest that our Japanese version of FTND is a reliable and valid measure of nicotine dependence in patients with smoking-related cancers.     

TrkC expression predicts favorable clinical outcome in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast independent of NT-3 expression

Background: TrkC, a member of neurotrophin receptor family, functions not only as an oncogene, but also act as a tumor suppressor via a manner of dependence receptor in human malignant tumors. Little is known on the action of TrkC for the clinical prognosis and the progression of breast cancer according to the availability of its ligand NT-3. We sought to investigate the prognostic relevance of NT-3-TrkC axis in breast cancer and estimate its role during the process of breast cancer progression. Methods: 236 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 60 pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 30 normal breast tissue (NBT) between 2004 and 2005 were included in the study. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to analyze the association of NT-3-TrkC expression and breast cancer progression. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were performed to identify the relevant prognostic factors. Results: 50.4% IDC tumors displayed absent or low TrkC expression, while 49.6% was high TrkC expression. TrkC expression was negatively associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.029) and tumor proliferation (P = 0.015). Patients with lower TrkC expressing tumors had a higher risk of recurrence (odds ratio, 0.401; 95% confidence interval, 0.207-0.778; P = 0.007). The layered analysis indicated that patients with high TrkC expression tumors had a favor disease-free survival whether NT-3 and TrkC were co-expressed or solitarily expressed in the tumor (P = 0.000). NT-3 was demonstrated to be not a predictor of IDC patients’ prognosis. But NT-3 expression was inversely correlated with the progression of breast cancer (r = -0.341, P = 0.000), since more IDC tumors showed high NT-3 expression than DCIS tumors (51.7% vs. 25.9%), while no NBT showed high NT-3 expression, as well. Conclusion: The study indicates TrkC expression reduces tumor relapse independent of NT-3 availability in the IDC. Elevated NT-3 expression contributes to the progression of breast cancer.