Lung Ultrasound for the Emergency Diagnosis of Pneumonia,Acute Heart Failure,and Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Asthma in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background

Lung ultrasound can accelerate the diagnosis of life-threatening diseases in adults with respiratory symptoms.

Prevention of Descending Pneumonia in Rats with Perflubron-delivered Tobramycin

OBJECTIVES: Patients undergoing emergent endotracheal intubation are at increased risk for developing pneumonia. Although numerous strategies have been investigated to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the incidence of VAP and its associated mortality remains high. This investigation tested the hypothesis that LiquiVent (Alliance Pharmaceutical, San Diego, CA-LV) delivered antibiotics (via spray-dried microspheres-SDM) would improve survival in a rat model of descending gram-negative pneumonia. METHODS: Wistar rats (n = 49) were randomized to receive prophylaxis with 1). nothing (controls); 2). intramuscular (IM) tobramycin, 3). intratracheal LV plus SDM shells (vehicle), 4). intratracheal LV plus SDM shells plus IM tobramycin, or 5). intratracheal LV plus SDM containing 1 mg/kg of tobramycin. All interventions were given 24 hours before a bacterial challenge with 10(8) colony-forming units of intratracheal Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mortality at ten days was the sole outcome measure. Survival in individual groups was compared with controls by Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: All animals in the control group died of pneumonia within ten days of bacterial inoculation (0% survival). Prophylaxis with either IM tobramycin or SDM vehicle plus IM tobramycin provided no protection (0% survival). This is in sharp contrast to the cohort receiving pretreatment with tobramycin-containing SDM delivered via LV, in which 60% of the animals survived to study completion (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis with SDM containing antibiotics delivered in low-dose LV provided significant protection in a rat model of descending gram-negative pneumonia. These data support the hypothesis that perfluorocarbon-delivered intratracheal antimicrobials may be useful in the prevention of VAP.     

暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎影像学表现分析

目的研究肺炎衣原体肺炎暴发流行的胸部影像学特征表现。方法对经过痰和咽试子标本,PCR,MIF检测证实的15例暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎住院患者胸部X线和高分辨CT表现进行分析。结果本组暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎患者均有发热,头痛,全身肌肉酸痛,干咳,声音嘶哑,咽痛等症状。肺部呼吸音减低或细湿啰音4例(26.7%),出现明显肺部影像学表现10例(66.7%)。10例暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎常表现为多发或单发以小叶为中心阴影和腺泡状结节影(100%),病变以两中、下肺叶,外、中带分布;以小叶分布的气腔实变和磨玻璃样阴影(分别为100%和40%)和支气管血管束增厚(90%)。无肺门或纵隔淋巴结增大和胸腔积液。结论暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎具有群体发病,临床和影像学表现有相似的特征,早期CT检查更能真实地反映病变大小、多少和分布范围。     

炎琥宁与阿奇霉素联合治疗小儿支原体肺炎

目的:探讨炎琥宁辅助治疗小儿支原体肺炎的疗效.方法:将141例临床确诊的支原体肺炎患儿随机分为两组,治疗组71例,应用阿奇霉素加炎琥宁静点.对照组70例,单纯使用阿奇霉素治疗.结果:治疗组有效率96%,对照组有效率87%,两组统计学差异显著(P＜0.05),治疗组疗效优于对照组.结论:炎琥宁辅助治疗小儿支原体肺炎,临床症状消失快,疗效显著,无明显不良反应,值得推广.     

68例社区获得性肺炎病原及临床特征分析

目的　 68例外周血白细胞正常或降低的社区获得性肺炎 (CAP)病原及临床特点分析。方法　检测CAP患者呼吸道及血液标本的常见病原体 ,并分析其临床特点。结果　军团菌属占 2 2 .1 % (1 5/ 68) ,肺炎支原体占 1 1 .8% (8/ 68) ,病毒占 1 6 .2 % (1 1 / 68) ,其中甲型流感病毒 2例、乙型流感病毒 5例 ,副流感病毒 1例 ,腺病毒 1例 ,艾滋病病毒 2例。细菌占 2 .9% (2 / 68) ,有 47.1 % (32 / 68)不能明确病原体 ,混合感染率为 8.8% (6/ 68)。病毒性肺炎、军团菌肺炎及肺炎支原体肺炎的临床症状、体征、外周血白细胞、胸部影像均无特异性 ,其鉴别需靠病原学检查。结论　外周血白细胞正常或降低的CAP病因主要为非典型病原体和病毒 ,对此类CAP的经验治疗应首选大环内酯类抗生素或抗病毒药物。     

57例小儿肺炎患者T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞观察

为了检测肺炎患儿的免疫功能,用 APAAP 法对57例反复患支气管肺炎的患儿进行 T 淋巴细胞亚群及 NK 细胞检测,结果 CD_3~+53.20±7.64%(对照组:62.50±9.65%),CD_4~+34.2±4.36%(对照组:38.64±4.05%),CD_8~+32.50±6.39%(对照组:26.70±4.23%)。CD_4~+/CD_8~+比值1.05±0.14(对照组:1.45±0.11),NK 细胞8.30±2.40%(对照组:6.44±3.37%)。结果证明,患儿 T 细胞亚群与对照组比较差异有显著(P<0.01),NK 细胞差异无显著性(P>0.05)。     

1,6-二磷酸果糖治疗婴幼儿肺炎心衰疗效观察

应用脉冲多普勒超声心动图对３０例使用１，６－二磷酸果糖的肺炎心衰患儿进行心室舒缩功能指标的观测，并以２０例常规治疗的心衰患儿及２０例正常儿为对照组，评价１，６－二磷酸果糖的疗效。结果表明，１，６－二磷酸果糖能明显改善ＰＥＰ、ＰＥＰ／ＥＴ、ＰＥＰ／Ｒ－Ｒ、ＦＶＩ和ＳＶ等心室收缩功能指标及ＰＦＶＥ、Ｅ／Ａ、ＰＦＶＡ等心室舒张功能指标，使心功能恢复正常。１，６－二磷酸果糖对肺炎心衰引起的心肌缺血、缺氧有保护作用。     

重症肺炎患者中性粒细胞胞吐作用的改变

目的　研究重症肺炎患者中性粒细胞的功能改变。方法　采用免疫化学法测定 32例重症肺炎患者中性粒细胞胞吐作用和氧化酶反应的变化 ,并与健康对照组比较。结果　重症肺炎患者血液中性粒细胞的基础和PMA刺激的胞吐作用均明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ;重症肺炎患者的基础和PMA刺激的反应性氧属 (ROS)产生明显增加 ;重症肺炎患者肺部中性粒细胞释放乳铁蛋白、髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)和ROS增加 ,PMA刺激后相似 ;肺炎的严重性与血液中性粒细胞释放乳铁蛋白呈负相关。结论　重症肺炎患者中性粒细胞胞吐作用明显受损 ,与预后相关。