Head‐locking durability of fixed and variable angle locking screws under repetitive loading

Polyaxial locking screws are increasingly applied in fracture fixation. To investigate the durability of the head‐locking mechanism, the removal torque of variable angle (VA) and fixed angle (FA) stainless steel and titanium locking screws was investigated without and after a cyclic loading test. Stainless steel (St) and titanium (Ti) 2.4 mm orthogonally inserted FA screws and 2.4 mm VA screws inserted in different inclinations (0°–15°) (n = 6 per group) were locked at 0.8 Nm. Removal torque was determined without (W) and after (A) cyclic loading (sinusoidal load, 5 Hz, constant amplitude of 25 N, up to 10′000 cycles, or failure). Significant differences in‐between the groups were detected by Student's t‐test (p < 0.05). Except VA Ti in 0deg and FA, all groups exhibited a drop in removal torque below the insertion torque without and after cyclic testing. The removal torque was (St: FA W:0.81 Nm ± 0.04 A:0.72Nm ± 0.04; VA0deg W:0.73 Nm ± 0.04 A:0.65 Nm ± 0.05; VA15deg W:0.51 Nm ± 0.05 A:0.50 Nm ± 0.08; Ti: FA W:0.82 Nm ± 0.03 A:0.70 Nm ± 0.04; VA0deg W:0.80 Nm ± 0.02 A:0.72 Nm ± 0.05; VA15deg W:0.55 Nm ± 0.03 A:0.54 Nm ± 0.06). In all groups, the removal torque after cyclic testing did not drop below 16% of the removal torque without cyclic testing. No head loosening was observed after cyclic testing. Stainless steel and titanium 2.4 mm fixed and variable angle locking screws provide a stable and lasting head‐locking mechanism. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:949–952, 2016.     

Does the meld system provide equal access to liver transplantation for patients with different ABO blood groups?

This study investigates the relationship between blood group and waiting time until transplantation or death on the waiting list. All patients listed for liver transplantation in the Netherlands between 15 December 2006 and 31 December 2012, were included. Study variables were gender, age, year of listing, diagnosis, previous transplantations, blood group, urgency, and MELD score. Using a competing risks analysis, separate cumulative incidence curves were constructed for death on the waiting list and transplantation and used to evaluate outcomes.In 517 listings, the mean death rate per 100 patient‐years was 10.4. A total of 375 (72.5% of all listings) were transplanted. Of all transplantations, 352 (93.9%) were ABO‐identical and 23 (6.1%) ABO‐compatible. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of death was 11.2% (SE 1.4%), and of transplantation 72.5% (SE 2.0%). Patient blood group had no multivariate significant impact on the hazard of dying on the waiting list nor on transplantation. Age, MELD score, and urgency status were significantly related to the death on the waiting list and transplantation. More recent listing had higher probability of being transplanted. In the MELD era, patient blood group status does not have a significant impact on liver transplant waiting list mortality nor on waiting time for transplantation.     

急性创面无干扰伤口愈合的护理研究进展

介绍无干扰伤口愈合的概念及其在急性创面处理中的应用现状,分析无干扰伤口愈合在急性创面愈合中的促进因素及效果评价,以期为医护人员在临床实践中重视将急性创面处于无干扰愈合环境,结合患者情况,制定最佳的创面处理方案提供参考。     

The operative treatment of pressure wounds: a 10‐year experience in flap selection

This study sought to both assist in the selection of flaps for ischial pressure wound reconstruction and evaluate the overall complication rates associated with reconstruction. A retrospective medical record review was conducted for 78 patients following the surgical reconstruction of an ischial pressure sore. Records were reviewed for demographics, location of sores, methods of reconstruction and flap selection, as well as any complications and recurrences. A total of 72 wounds were reconstructed with an average of 1·4 flaps used per wound. An ischial flap complication rate of 16% was observed in flap follow‐up, with a recurrence rate of 7% recorded. The vast majority of complications went on to heal with 15% of patients requiring a second reconstruction. Our relatively large sample of ischial flaps allowed for a close comparison with previously published work. Both flap selection and site of reconstruction significantly affected the success rates for pressure sore coverage. The overall complication rates by flap and reconstructive site in this review are lower than previously published reports. Our experience with ischial reconstruction was extensive enough to suggest a posterior medial thigh fasciocutaneous flap combined with a biceps femoris muscle flap as a first choice in ischial pressure wound reconstruction.     

招收飞行学员听力检查标准探讨

目的 探讨修改空军招收飞行学员听力检查标准的可行性. 方法 ①收集招收飞行学员听力检查资料5673份,按现行的空军招收飞行学员听力检查标准(标准1)统计听力合格例数及合格率.②将低中频(0.25、0.5、1、2、3 kHz)听力损失不超标准1且双耳高频(4、6、8 kHz)听力损失总和≤270 dB者,按双耳高频听力损失之和的大小分为3组:A组(≤210 dB),B组(＞210 dB且≤240 dB)及C组(＞240 dB且≤270 dB).按5 dB档差统计A组听力较差耳4 kHz听力损失＞45 dB的例数,以及B组和C组听力较差耳4 kHz听力损失≤45 dB的例数.③将标准1高频部分修改为4 kHz听力损失≤45 dB,且双耳高频听力损失总和≤240 dB(标准2),或4 kHz听力损失≤45 dB且双耳高频听力损失总和≤270 dB(标准3).按标准2和标准3统计合格例数及合格率;分别统计符合3个标准的合格者中的0.5、1、2、4 kHz平均听阈＞25 dB的例数及所占百分比.比较3个标准的合格率及合格者中有听力障碍的百分比. 结果 ①按标准1统计,合格5310例.②A组4 kHz听力损失＞45 dB的63例,B组4 kHz听力损失≤45 dB的30例,C组4 kHz听力损失≤45 dB的25例.③按标准1、标准2及标准3统计的合格率分别为93.60％(5310/5673)、93.02％(5277/5673)及93.46％(5302/5673),差异无统计学意义;按标准1、标准2及标准3统计的合格者中0.5、1、2、4 kHz平均听阈＞25 dB的比率分别是2.56％(136/5310)、1.57％(83/5277)及1.77％(94/5302),按标准1统计的比率比标准2、标准3统计均高(x2=12.76、7.77,P＜0.01),而标准2与标准3之间差异无统计学意义. 结论 将现行空军招收飞行学员听力检查标准的高频修改为4 kHz听力损失≤45 dB,双耳高频听力损失之和≤240 dB是科学合理的,既降低了合格者中轻度听力障碍的比例,又对合格率没有明显影响.     

HBsAg阴性应招飞行学员血清HBV-DNA检测研究

目的为控制ＨＢＶ慢性携带者进入航校提供对策，对应招飞行学员中ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性者的ＨＢＶ感染情况及对ＨＢＶ的免疫状态作一探讨。方法用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｓ、抗－ＨＢｃ、ＨＢｅＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｅ，用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ。结果ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性应招飞行学员中抗－ＨＢｓ阳性２０６／９６２例（２７．６％），抗ＨＢｃ阳性２２９／９６２例（２２．８％），ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性０／４５０例，抗ＨＢｅ阳性３／４５０例（０．６７％），ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性１５／２２８例（６．６％）。ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性主要集中在单一抗ＨＢｃ阳性者中１４／７５例（１８．７％）。获得ＨＢＶ免疫者为３４．０％。结论在应招飞行学员中对单一抗ＨＢｃ阳性者应做ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ检测，未获ＨＢＶ免疫者应接种乙肝疫苗     

高血压脑出血外科手术时机对临床预后的影响

目的评价高血压脑出血患者行颅内血肿清除手术的时机对临床效果的影响。方法136例高血压脑出血的患者，均行钻颅血肿清除术，按手术实施时间分为3组：A组，7小时内手术者46例；B组，8—24小时内手术者53例；C组，大于24小时手术者37例。比较3组患者术后一个月意识恢复、致残及死亡情况。结果A、B两组患者意识恢复良好者多于C组（P〈0．05）；A组患者致残率低于B、C组（P〈0．05），B组致残率低于C组（P〈0．05）；3组患者死亡事件发生率无显著差异。结论高血压脑出血患者应尽早争取手术时间，早期手术可提高救治成功率，降低术后患者致残率。     

论知情同意权与知情选择权在美容整形外科的应用

目的：通过《医师法《、《医疗机构管理条例》和《医疗事故处理条例》的实施，明确了医疗机构及医务人员告知义务和患者知情同意和知情选择的重要性。方法：向每一位患者进行术前咨询详细介绍手术方法、材料选择、麻醉经过、恢复期的护理、并发症的预防和处理等使患者认识到自己的地位和相关的信息。结果：通过交谈，使医务人员和患者达成共识，从而消除了手术的顾虑，积极主动参与配合治疗，取得了双方满意的效果。讨论：强调预防为主，是医务人员自觉的接受法律的制约和监督，提高医德修养，履行告知说明义务的必要性和重要性，建立符合法律制度的医疗管理体系、规范医疗操作，遵循患者知情同意和知情选择这一受法律保护的基本权力。     

优选前后精子顶体酶活性与IVF受精率相关性的研究

目的探讨优选处理前和处理后精子顶体酶活性的变化,及与体外受精(IVF)受精率的相关性。方法采用分光光度比色法,对接受IVF治疗的53例不育夫妇男方精液,分别测定优选处理前和处理后精子顶体酶活性,分析其与IVF受精率的相关性。结果优选处理后精子顶体酶活性与优选前比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);达到常规IVF标准并选择常规IVF治疗者,优选后的精子顶体酶活性与IVF受精率有相关性,精子顶体酶活性降低与IVF受精率降低有关。结论精子顶体酶活性与IVF受精率有相关性,并且通过精子顶体酶活性可以预测IVF受精率。     

Partial breast irradiation: The time is there!

The conventionally fractionated partial breast irradiation (PBI) IMPORT LOW trial represents the perfect example of how an adequate selection of patients led to a minimal local relapse rate for patients. Coles and colleagues, demonstrated a 5-year non-inferiority local relapse rate for PBI compared to standard whole breast irradiation, together with a significant reduction in terms of breast toxicity using a conventional radiation technique implementable worldwide. Most of enrolled patients had early stage node negative, grade1-2, oestrogen receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative tumours. An exponential decrease in term of local relapse rate was observed from the first published PBI studies. The new high-level evidence provided by these results clearly demonstrates that while toxicity and cosmetic outcome concerns are strongly dependent on the technique, the efficacy of PBI is closely related to the adequate choice of patients. Upcoming data from several studies and from matured follow up of the published ones will be critical to confirm if also accelerated PBI could be accepted as a standard alternative to whole breast irradiation. However, we feel that IMPORT LOW inclusion criteria, together with tumour biology should be definitively integrated in the decision-making process.