杭州某社区老年性阴道炎发病及影响因素分析

目的 开展社区老年性阴道炎筛查,探讨其影响因素,促进早期诊治,以提高社区老年人群的生活质量.方法 对辖区内55～65岁企事业退休工人开展每年1次的老年性阴道炎筛查,同时进行生殖卫生知识的宣传教育.结果 2011年至2013年分别对辖区内的天水、武林2个街道14个社区的55～ 65岁企事业单位退休女职工开展了筛查,共筛查17 719人次,其中2011年筛查5 626人,检出老年性阴道炎1 223例(21.74％);2012年筛查5 857人,检出老年性阴道炎921例(15.72％);2013年筛查6 236人,检出老年性阴道炎837例(13.42％).2012年老年性阴道炎患病率较2011年显著降低(x2=68.340,P＜0.001),2013年老年性阴道炎患病率较2012年显著降低(x2=12.890,P＜0.001).绝经时间早(OR=2.36,95％CI:1.64 ～3.18)、绝经后性生活不规律(OR=1.95,95％ CI:1.24 ～2.78)是老年性阴道炎的危险因素;个人收入高(OR =0.67,95％ CI:0.44～0.91)、文化程度高(OR =0.71,95％ CI:0.53 ～0.94)、绝经后性生活规律(OR=0.49,95％ CI:0.36～0.59)是保护性因素.结论 老年性阴道炎的发生与文化程度,个人收入,绝经时间,性生活频次等因素有关;社区筛查并宣传教育有助于老年性阴道炎的早诊断,早治疗.     

Implementing Adolescent Screening,Brief Intervention,and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Education in a Pediatric Residency Curriculum

Background: Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is recommended as part of routine health care for adolescents as well as adults. In an effort to promote universal SBIRT, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration awarded funding to residency programs to develop and implement SBIRT education and training. Our project focused on creating scientifically based, developmentally appropriate strategies and teaching materials for the adolescent age range. This paper describes curriculum development and implementation and presents evaluation data. Methods: Pediatric and child psychiatry residents were trained. The training consisted of 4 activities: (1) case-based teaching modules, (2) role-play of motivational interviewing and brief interventions, (3) mock interviews with trained adolescents, and (4) supervised “hands-on” screening and brief interventions. Main outcome measures included trainee satisfaction, and SBIRT knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, and self- and observer report of use of the SBIRT algorithm. Results: Among 150 total participants completing the SBIRT training modules, nearly all (92.3%) were satisfied/very satisfied with the training modules. Knowledge accuracy immediately post training was high, but declined significantly by the end of the first residency year, with little change across subsequent years of residency. Confidence ratings also declined over time. Use of the SBIRT algorithm during the Adolescent Medicine rotation was high according to trainee self- and faculty observer report. Conclusions: We found evidence of training satisfaction, increased confidence in talking to adolescents about substance use, and widespread use of recommended practices immediately following training. Use of a highly structured algorithm to guide practice, and simple, highly structured brief interventions was a successful training approach, as residents self-reported accurate use of the SBIRT algorithm immediately after training. Knowledge and self-confidence declined over time. It is possible that “booster” sessions and ongoing opportunities to review materials could help residents retain knowledge and skills.     

长三角城市群蜱媒分布及适生区分析

目的　了解目前长三角城市群蜱媒分布,并对2070年该地区蜱媒适生区进行预测,为该地区蜱媒控制和蜱传疾病防治提供科学依据。方法　检索国内外公开发表的有关长三角城市群蜱媒及病原体分布的文献,提取蜱媒分布地理位置信息,采用刀切法分析最湿季平均温度、最冷季降水量、最干季平均温度、最热月最高温度、最干月降水量、最冷月最低温度、年降水量、平均日间温度范围、降水量季节变化、温度年度范围、温度季节性、年均温度、最暖季平均温度、最湿季降水量、等温性、最冷季平均温度、最湿月降水量、最干季降水量和最暖季降水量等19种气候因子对蜱媒分布的影响。采用最大熵模型分析2020年该地区蜱媒分布,并结合气候因子对2070年蜱媒适生区变化进行预测。结果　共检索中英文文献380篇,累计提取蜱媒分布点148个,并筛选出135个分布点进行研究。长三角城市群存在包括血蜱、扇头蜱、硬蜱、革蜱、牛蜱、璃眼蜱、花蜱在内的7属27种蜱。影响长三角城市群蜱媒分布的气候因子主要为最湿季平均温度和最冷季降水量,其贡献率分别为26.1%和23.6%。2020年,长三角城市群蜱媒高、中、低适生区面积分别为20 337.08、40 017.38、74 931.43 km2。受气候变化影响,2070年蜱媒适生区呈向南部扩大趋势,适生区总面积将增加1.81万km2,高、中、低适生区面积分别扩大至24 317.84、45 283.02、83 766.38 km2。结论　长三角城市群蜱媒种类繁多、分布广泛,未来气候变化可能导致该地区蜱媒分布区域扩大。     

A Pilot Study Using Nominal Group Technique to Assess Residents’ Perceptions of Successful Attending Rounds

BACKGROUND  Ward attending rounds are fundamental for internal medicine residency training. An improved understanding of interns’ and residents’ perceptions of attending rounds should inform training programs and attending physicians. OBJECTIVES  The aim of this study was to assess residents’ perceptions of successful attending rounds. DESIGN  We convened two groups of interns and two groups of residents, to elicit their perceptions on attending rounds. SUBJECTS  Participants were recruited by e-mail and conference announcements from the 49 interns and 80 residents in the internal medicine and medicine-pediatrics residency programs. MEASUREMENTS  The nominal group technique (NGT) uses a structured group process to elicit and prioritize answers to a carefully articulated question. MAIN RESULTS  Seven interns (14%) identified 27 success factors and ranked attending approachability and enthusiasm and high quality teaching as most important. A second group of six (12%) interns identified 40 detractors and ranked having “mean attendings,” receiving disrespectful comments, and too long or too short rounds as the most significant detractors. Nine (11%) residents identified 32 success factors and ranked attention to length of rounds, house staff autonomy, and establishing goals/expectations as the most important success factors. A second group of six (8%) residents identified 34 detractors and ranked very long rounds, interruptions and time constraints, and poor rapport between team members as the most significant detractors). CONCLUSIONS  Although there was some overlap in interns’ and residents’ perceptions of attending rounds, interns identified interpersonal factors as the most important factors; whereas residents viewed structural factors as most important. These findings should assist attending physicians improve the way they conduct rounds targeting both interns and residents needs. Presented in part at the Southern Regional Meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine in New Orleans, LA, in February 2005 and the Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting in New Orleans, LA, in May 2005.     

不同经济水平农村居民原发性高血压危险因素分析

目的 了解不同经济水平农村居民高血压危险因素有无不同.方法 采用自编问卷对河北省冀州市不同经济水平的≥35岁的农村居民中的469名新发高血压患者和2799名对照进行了原发性高血压危险因素调查,并进行了多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 经济水平较好组高血压危险因素(以OR值大小为序)依次为家族史、体质量指数、盐腌食品、每天吃鸡蛋、年龄,它们的OR分别为2.863、1.286、1.263、1.200、1.052;经济水平较差组高血压危险因素(以OR值大小为序)依次为家族史、吸烟、每天吃鸡蛋、饮酒、文化程度、性别、喜吃肥肉、体质量指数、年龄,它们的OR分别为3.990、1.767、 1.753、1.728、1.532、1.448、 1.276、 1.205、1.068,每天吃新鲜水果和家庭年人均收入高是高血压的保护因素,它们的OR为0.708和0.788.结论 经济水平不同高血压危险因素不完全相同.     

Urban living and obesity: is it independent of its population and lifestyle characteristics?

Objectives Living in an urban area influences obesity. However, little is known about whether this relationship is truly independent of, or merely mediated through, the demographic, socio‐economic and lifestyle characteristics of urban populations. We aimed to identify and quantify the magnitude of this relationship in a Sri Lankan population. Methods Cross‐sectional study of adults aged 20–64 years representing the urban (n = 770) and rural (n = 630) populations, in the district of Colombo in 2004. Obesity was measured as a continuous variable using body mass index (BMI). Demographic, socio‐economic and lifestyle factors were assessed. Gender‐specific multivariable regression models were developed to quantify the independent effect of urban/ rural living and other variables on increased BMI. Results The BMI (mean; 95% confidence interval) differed significantly between urban (men: 23.3; 22.8–23.8; women: 24.2; 23.7–24.7) and rural (men: 22.3; 21.9–22.7; women: 23.2; 22.7–23.7) sectors (P < 0.01). The observed association remained stable independently of all other variables in the regression models among both men (coefficient = 0.64) and women (coefficient = 0.95). These coefficients equated to 2.2 kg weight for the average man and 1.7 kg for the average woman. Other independent associations of BMI were with income (coefficient = 1.74), marital status (1.48), meal size (1.53) and religion (1.20) among men, and with age (0.87), marital status (2.25) and physical activity (0.96) among women. Conclusions Urban living is associated with obesity independently of most other demographic, socio‐economic and lifestyle characteristics of the population. Targeting urban populations may be useful for consideration when developing strategies to reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

Longitudinal changes in isokinetic leg strength in 10-14-year-olds

This study used multilevel regression modelling to longitudinally investigate the influences of age, sex, body size, skinfold thicknesses and maturity on the development of isokinetic knee extension and flexion on eight occasions over a 4-year period. Forty-one subjects (20 boys and 21 girls) were measured and 295 isokinetic leg strength tests and associated measures were successfully completed. Subjects were aged 10.0 &#45 0.3 years at the onset of the study. Stature, body mass, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, and sexual maturation (according to pubic hair development) were assessed at each test occasion. Isokinetic concentric knee extension and flexion of the dominant leg were determined to elicit maximal peak extension (PET) and flexion torque (PFT). Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Multilevel regression modelling indicated that stature and mass were significant predictors of both PET and PFT. Age and maturity were non-significant explanatory variables once stature and mass had been accounted for. Skinfold thickness exerted a significant negative effect independent of mass and stature on PFT but not PET. At test occasion 8, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the knee extensors (ExCSA) and flexors (FlexCSA) were determined using magnetic resonance imaging on 23 boys and 14 girls and examined as predictors of isokinetic leg strength. There were no significant sex-related differences in PET or PFT. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients indicated a significant relationship between ExCSA and PET and FlexCSA and PFT for both boys and girls. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that ExCSA and FlexCSA were significant explanatory variables for PET and PFT, respectively, but became non-significant once stature and mass had been introduced into the analysis. To conclude, there were no significant sex differences in PET or PFT between the ages of 10 and 14 years and the development of PET and PFT could be accounted for by the increase in stature and mass. Age, maturity and thigh muscle CSA were all non-explanatory variables in the production of PET and PFT once body size had been controlled for.     

Correlation of Fat Mass Index and Fat-Free Mass Index with percentage body fat and their association with hypertension among urban South Indian adult men and women

Background: The assessment of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass indices provides valuable information about changes in body composition.

Aim: To identify cut-off points for Fat Mass Index (FMI) to predict an upper limit of percentage body fat of men (25%) and women (30%) for defining obesity and its association with hypertension.

Subjects and methods: A total of 436 men and 596 women were included in the study. Fat mass was calculated using skin-fold measurements. FMI cut-off points to predict an upper limit of percentage body fat of 25% (men) and 30% (women) for defining obesity were assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results: ROC curve analysis indicated that the level of FMI was 6.59 kg/m² in men and 6.64 kg/m² in women at 25% and 30% body fat, respectively. Risk estimation for hypertension with FMI indicated high risk of hypertension in men (OR: 3.4, CI: 2.1–5.5) as well as in women (OR: 5.3, CI: 2.3–12.4).

Conclusion: The level of FMI was 6.6 kg/m² in men and women predicted at upper limits of 25% and 30% body fat, respectively, for defining obesity.     

Joint action as a practice of memory transmission in a poor urban neighborhood of Santiago,Chile

In Latin America, one of the key tasks of Community and Liberation Psychology has been to recover the memories of marginalized and excluded communities that have experienced multiple pasts marked by political violence. In Chile, researchers have focused on poor urban neighborhoods, where the question of how memories are transmitted in areas where conflicts and violence are still present has been overlooked. In this context, the following article aims to analyze the ways in which memories are transmitted in a neighborhood that has a long organizational history in the struggle against social inequalities; while at the same time being classified as a critical area by the state due to its current levels of violence and social conflict. The researchers led a 3‐year case study from an ethnographic perspective, and applied a collaborative methodology that brought together the research team and the members of a territorial organization. The analysis is based on 72 interviews, 5 conversation groups and ethnographic observation. The data was analyzed using discourse analysis. The results revealed that the main form of memory transmission is not based on intergenerational narratives of the past, but rather on joint action; namely, dialogical practices among neighborhood residents that generate an ethos; a common way of life.