男性不育症15例睾丸精液超微结构对比分析

目的探讨性功能正常男性不育者睾丸和精液的超微病变，寻找可能致病的因素。方法制作患者睾丸、精液超薄切片，透射电镜下观察分析，结果①睾丸病变为生精细胞成熟障碍（3例）和精子形成异常（12例），后者主要病变在于顶体形成异常和核发育畸变。②精液中异常发现主要为大量末成熟和畸形精子释人精液中。畸形精子头部畸变类同睾丸超薄切片中所见，尾部缺陷在轴丝复合体异常及中段线粒体鞘解体。结论本组男性不有可能因素为遗传、幼年疾病（隐睾、腮腺炎等）、长期服用抗生育药物、棉籽油及生殖道传染。     

Renal Changes and Apoptosis Caused By Subacute Exposure To Aroclor 1254 in Selenium-deficient and Selenium-supplemented Rats

Aroclor 1254 (A1254), a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls, exerts hepatic, renal, and reproductive toxicity in rodents. This study aimed to determine a protective role of selenium on histopathological changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis caused by A1254 in rat kidney. It included a control group, which received regular diet containing 0.15 mg/kg Se (C), a Se-supplemented group (SeS) receiving 1 mg/kg Se, a Se-deficient group (SeD) receiving Se-deficient diet of ≤0.05 mg/kg Se, an A1254-treated group (A) receiving 10 mg/kg of Aroclor 1254 and regular diet, an A1254-treated group receiving Se-supplementation (ASeS), and an A1254-treated group receiving Se-deficient diet (ASeD). Treatments lasted 15 days. After 24 h of the last dose of A1254, the animals were decapitated under anaesthesia and their renal antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione, protein oxidation, and total antioxidant capacity levels measured. Histopathological changes were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Apoptosis was detected with the TUNEL assay. Kidney weights, CAT activities, and GSH levels decreased significantly in all A1254-treated groups. Renal atrophic changes and higher apoptotic cell counts were observed in the A and ASeD groups. Both groups also showed a significant drop in GPx1 activities (A – 34.92 % and ASeD – 86.46 %) and rise in LP (A – 30.45 % and ASeD – 20.44 %) vs control. In contrast, LP levels and apoptotic cell counts were significantly lower in the ASeS group vs the A group. Histopathological changes and renal apoptosis were particularly visible in the ASeD group. Our findings suggest that selenium supplementation provides partial protection against renal toxicity of Aroclor 1254.     

Transneuronally transported wheat germ agglutinin labels glia as well as neurons in the rat visual system

Following intraocular injection in adult rats of 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (I-WGA), the ultrastructural distribution of label in the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate was examined by electron microscope autoradiography. Three days after injection, 5.4% of the label in the lateral geniculate was associated with neuronal perikarya, and 3.6% was associated with glial perikarya. The corresponding figures for the superior colliculus were 5.1% and 0.8%. When the data were expressed as number of grains per micron 2 cytoplasm, there was no statistically significant difference between the grain density over neuronal or glial cytoplasm in either the lateral geniculate or the superior colliculus. A statistical analysis of the distance between the silver grains and the cell membranes showed that in both neurons and glia, the observed labeling was the product of internalized I-WGA and not the result of scatter from the neuropil or from label bound to the surface of the cells. These results indicate that much of the WGA released from axons and axon terminals is not confined to a specific "transsynaptic" pathway, but produces a generalized labeling of nearby cells, much like a microinjection of WGA into the region.     

Application of Mineralogical Techniques in the Study of Human Lithiasis

The authors review the mineralogical methods and techniques of analyzing calculi, stony concretions in the body. They discuss the main types of kidney stones (prostate, testicular, salivary, and bile) and the different diagnostic methods in mineralogy. By applying the techniques of optical microscopy and electron microscopy, they describe the different characteristics of human stones, based on extensive experience as evidenced by their numerous studies.     

Structural and functional alterations in Malpighian tubules as biomarkers of environmental pollution: synopsis and prospective

Although a number of biomarkers of pollutant exposure have been identified in invertebrate species, little is known about the effect on Malpighian tubules playing an essential role in excretion and osmoregulation. Analyses of structural and functional alterations on this organ can be useful to predict the effects at the organism and population level in monitoring studies of environmental pollution. The aim of the present review is to provide a synthesis of existing knowledge on cellular damages induced by xenobiotics in Malpighian tubules both under laboratory and field conditions. We compared studies of exposure to pesticides and heavy metals as mainly environmental contaminants from anthropogenic activities. This report provided evidence that the exposure to xenobiotics has an effect on this organ and reinforces the need for further research integrating molecular biomarkers with analysis on Malpighian tubules. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Functional and ultrastructural alterations of canine myocardium subjected to very brief coronary occlusions

The effects of very brief and recurrent coronary occlusionson myocardial regional shortening and its ultrastructure havebeen analysed. Ultrasonic crystals were implanted in the leftventricular subendocardium of 23 anaesthetized dogs with thethorax open, to measure the shortening fractions of an ischaemicand a control segment Twenty 2 min total occlusions were provokedin the left anterior descending coronary artery, with 3 minrecovery intervals (reperfusion) between occlusions. The shortening fraction decreased progressively with each occlusion,reaching a value 189% lower than the basal after the last ischaemicepisode (P<0.05); 32.3% after 4 h of reperfusion (P<0.01),and 28.6% after 24 h (P<0.01). Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural analysis showedan increase in the mitochondrial volume of the ischaemic tissue(158% vs control, P<0.001) with significant damage to thecell components (7.7-fold increases vs control mitochondria). These results show that when the myocardium is subjected tovery brief and repeated coronary occlusions, there is progressivedeterioration of systolic function with structural alterations,mainly at the mitochondrial level. These modifications are stillobservable 24 h after the end of ischaemic stimulation and couldbe the cause of transitory andlor chronic systolic dysfunctionsin the absence of previous heart attack.     

Hepatic stellate cells express Ca2+ pump-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in plasma membrane of caveolae

Intracytoplasmic free calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are maintained at a very low concentration in mammalian tissue by the extrusion of Ca²⁺ across a steep extracellular Ca²⁺ gradient, mainly through the activity of plasma membrane Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase. The present study aimed to identify, by electron cytochemical and electron immunogold methods, the ultrastructural localizations of two types of plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase; Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase, in hepatic stellate cells. Liver tissues and isolated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were studied. The ultrastructural localization of Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase activity was examined by the electron cytochemical method of Ando. The localization of Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase was identified by immunofluorescence. The ultrastructural localization of Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase was identified by the electron immunogold method. The cytochemical reaction products of Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase activity were localized on the outer (cavity) side of the plasma membrane of caveolae. Immunofluorescence of Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase was seen as small dots along the cell edge in HSCs. Immunogold particles indicating the presence of Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase were identified on the inner (cytoplasmic) side of the plasma membrane of caveolae. We localized Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase on the inner side of the plasma membrane caveolae and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase on the outer leaflet of the caveolar plasma membrane in stellate cells, suggesting that Ca²⁺ pump-ATPase may play a key role in the Ca²⁺ reflux. Received: March 7, 2000 / Accepted: July 7, 2000     

恶性疟原虫红内期145／102kDa抗原的超微结构定位

用LR White低温包埋法及胶体金标记免疫电镜细胞化学技术对保护性单克隆抗体M26-32识别的体外培养的恶性疟原虫FCC1/HN株红内期145/102 kDa抗原进行超微结构定位研究。发现金颗粒主要定位在该株原虫红内期环状体、滋养体、裂殖体及裂殖子的细胞质中;一些金颗粒则定位于原虫表面的复合膜或散布在感染红细胞的细胞质中。表明145/102kDa抗原是恶性疟原虫FCC1/HN株红内期各无性发育阶段的共同细胞质抗原,其一部分可途经原虫表面的复合膜而被转运到感染红细胞的细胞质。     

输尿管结石排石疗效与结石超微结构的关系研究

目的:研究输尿管结石排石疗效与结石超微结构的关系。方法:对30例输尿管结石患者应用中西药物治疗和体外冲击波碎石,排出的结石通过扫描电镜和能谱仪进行超微结构和元素分析。结果:西药组、中西药组都不能排净结石,最终通过体外碎石结合中西药才排净。结石颗粒有核心和同心层年轮状结构,由砖块状晶体紧密堆叠为长柱排列而呈辐射形态,均为混合成分结石,质地很硬,外层是致密而厚的黏液组成与输尿管壁有一定程度粘连。结论:尿管结石与输尿管壁有一定程度粘连,药物排净有难度。中西医结合综合排石疗效比较好。     

Ultrastructural Changes in the Contralateral Lung Tissue Following Unilateral Lung Ischemia: An Experimental Study in Rabbits

Purpose. To investigate the acute ultrastructural changes that may occur in the contralateral nonischemic lung tissue after unilateral ischemia of a lung in a rabbit model. Methods. The animals were divided into three main groups of eight; namely, a 2-h procedure group, a 4-h procedure group, and an 8-h procedure group. Each of these groups was further divided into two subgroups of four rabbits each; namely, a control group, given a sham operation without any ischemic insult, and an ischemia group, in which the main pulmonary arteries, the pulmonary veins, and the main bronchi of the left lungs were ligated after thoracotomy. Tissue samples were taken from the left and right lungs to examine the ultrastructural changes after 2, 4, and 8h of ischemia. Each sample was given a semiquantitative histological injury score. Statistical analysis was done by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results. Contralateral ultrastructural damage, evident by heterochromatin in the nuclei, mitochondrial degeneration, cisternal widening of the endoplasmic reticulum, increased lipid droplets, and lysosomes, was determined by electron microscopy after unilateral lung ischemia. The contralateral lung injury was significantly correlated with the duration of ischemia. Conclusions. Unilateral lung ischemia affected the bilateral lungs in a rabbit model. Therefore, in operations such as single-lung transplantation, pulmonectomy, or lobectomy, if the procedure is unnecessarily prolonged, the contralateral lung may be damaged, which could seriously affect the prognosis of the patient.