按病种付费下高值医用耗材医疗服务价格政策现状、影响及建议——以经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ECRP)为例

本文结合病种付费制度改革和ERCP技术推广的现状,分析了ERCP价格政策及对患者费用影响,并提出政策建议。ERCP耗材属于"低价"高值医用耗材,但9类疾病患者住院费用中耗材费占比达到35.81%~48.25%,是导致费用昂贵的主要因素之一。由于ERCP耗材未纳入医保支付范围,目前这类患者手术自付比率高、医疗费用昂贵。建议:(1)重视历史结算数据,科学制定病种收费标准;(2)参考治疗方式差异,分类制定病种支付标准;(3)规范手术操作编码,为病种费用测算提供精准数据支持。     

The impact of China's retail drug price control policy on hospital expenditures: a case study in two Shandong hospitals

In China, 44.4% of total health expenditures in 2001 were for pharmaceuticals. Containment of pharmaceutical expenditures is a top priority for policy intervention. Control of drug retail prices was adopted by the Chinese government for this purpose. This study aims to examine the impact of this policy on the containment of hospital drug expenditures, and to analyze contributing factors. This is a retrospective pre/post-reform case study in two public hospitals. Financial records were reviewed to analyze changes in drug expenditures for all patients. A tracer condition, cerebral infarction, was selected for in-depth examination of changes in prices, utilization, expenditures and rationality of drugs. In the two hospitals, a total of 104 and 109 cerebral infarction cases, hospitalized respectively before and after the reform, were selected. Prescribed daily dose (PDD) was used for measuring drug utilization, and the contribution of price and utilization to changes in drug expenditures were decomposed. Rationality of drug use post-reform was reviewed based on published literature. Drug expenditures for all patients still increased rapidly in the two hospitals after implementation of the pricing policy. In the provincial hospital, drug expenditures per patient for cerebral infarction cases declined, but not significantly. This was mainly attributable to reduced utilization. In the municipal hospital, drug expenditure per patient increased by 50.1% after the reform, mainly due to greater drug utilization. Three to five fold higher drug expenditure per inpatient day in the provincial hospital was due to use of more expensive drugs. Of the top 15 drugs for treating cerebral infarction cases after the reform, 19.5% and 46.5% of the expenditures, in the provincial and municipal hospitals, respectively, were spent on drugs with prices set by the government. A large proportion of expenditures for the top 15 drugs, at least 65% and 41% in the provincial and municipal hospitals, respectively, was spent on allopathic drugs without an adequate evidence base of safety and efficacy supporting use for cerebral infarction. Control of retail prices, implemented in isolation, was not effective in containing hospital drug expenditures in these two Chinese hospitals. Utilization, more than price, determined drug expenditures. Improvement of rational use of drugs and correcting the present incentive structure for hospitals and drug prescribers may be important additional strategies for achieving containment of drug expenditures.     

我国卫生总费用变化趋势与深化医改政策建议

卫生总费用是研究和评价卫生改革与发展政策的重要工具。研究分析近年来我国卫生总费用和省级卫生总费用核算结果及其变化趋势,反映了近年来卫生相关政策取向是逐步降低城乡居民个人现金支出比重,同时也反映了一些相关政策未完全取得预期效果。本文在系统分析的基础上,结合新“医改”方案,提出了加大政府卫生支出、加快社会医疗保障制度建设步伐、调整卫生总费用支出结构、加强对城市医院的宏观调控等具体政策建议。     

实现"优质低价"医改目标的政策思路

医药卫生体制三项改革实施已过2年，但总体进展并不理想。如何破解因多方利益冲突产生的相互制肘，事关改革成败。本文聚焦三项改革关键点的医院，就实现医改目标势在必行的医院所有制、体制、机制改革问题提出若干政策思路。     

“单独二胎”政策下陕西省部分家庭生育意愿及其影响因素调查

“单独二胎”政策从提出到推行,一直是全社会的焦点,围绕这一政策合理与否,各方也提出了各种观点。通过对未达适婚年龄的独生子女、已达适婚年龄的独生子女和已达适婚年龄的非独生子女3类人群的调查,分别了解了他们对于“单独二胎”政策的认识和看法,继而从3个角度对政策的普及前景及影响因素进行统计分析。从结果看,由于政策尚在初始普及阶段,出于许多现实因素的限制和考量,符合要求的年轻夫妇生育意愿并不是很积极,若想进一步普及推行此政策,尚有许多问题需要解决。     

Do Public Smoking Bans have an Impact on Active Smoking? Evidence from the UK

The literature on the effects of public smoking bans on smoking behaviour presents conflicting results and there is limited evidence on their impact on active smoking. This paper evaluates the impact of smoking bans on active smoking using data from the British Household Panel Survey and exploiting the policy experiment provided by the differential timing of the introduction of the bans in Scotland and England. We assess the short‐term impact of the smoking bans by employing a series of flexible difference‐in‐differences fixed effects panel data models. We find that the introduction of the public smoking bans in England and Scotland had limited short‐run effects on both smoking prevalence and the total level of smoking. Although we identify significant differences in trends in smoking consumption across the survey period by population sub‐groups, we find insufficient evidence to conclude that these were affected by the introduction of the smoking bans. These results challenge those found in the public health literature but are in line with the most recent strand of economic literature indicating that there is no firm evidence on the effects of smoking bans on smoking. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Attitudes Toward the Global Allocation of Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines: Cross-sectional Online Survey of Adults Living in China

BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccines are in short supply worldwide. China was among the first countries to pledge supplies of the COVID-19 vaccine as a global public product, and to date, the country has provided more than 600 million vaccines to more than 200 countries and regions with low COVID-19 vaccination rates. Understanding the public’s attitude in China toward the global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines could inform global and national decisions, policies, and debates.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of adults living in China regarding the global allocation of COVID-19 vaccines developed in China and how these attitudes vary across provinces and by sociodemographic characteristics.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey among adults registered with the survey company KuRunData. The survey asked participants 31 questions about their attitudes regarding the global allocation of COVID-19 vaccines developed in China. We disaggregated responses by province and sociodemographic characteristics. All analyses used survey sampling weights.ResultsA total of 10,000 participants completed the questionnaire. Participants generally favored providing COVID-19 vaccines to foreign countries before fulfilling domestic needs (75.6%, 95% CI 74.6%-76.5%). Women (3778/4921, 76.8%; odds ratio 1.18, 95% CI 1.07-1.32; P=.002) and those living in rural areas (3123/4065, 76.8%; odds ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.27; P=.03) were especially likely to hold this opinion. Most respondents preferred providing financial support through international platforms rather than directly offering support to individual countries (72.1%, 95% CI 71%-73.1%), while for vaccine products they preferred direct provision to relevant countries instead of via a delivery platform such as COVAX (77.3%, 95% CI 76.3%-78.2%).ConclusionsAmong our survey sample, we found that adults are generally supportive of the international distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, which may encourage policy makers to support and implement the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines developed in China worldwide. Conducting similar surveys in other countries could help align policy makers’ actions on COVID-19 vaccine distribution with the preferences of their constituencies.     

互联网医疗政策的执行问题和对策——基于史密斯模型的分析

运用史密斯政策执行过程模型,对我国互联网医疗政策的执行问题进行分析.结果 显示,我国互联网医疗政策本身可操作性不强,执行机构的部门协作能力、人才资源状况、技术条件均有待改善,目标群体对互联网医疗的认知和服务利用较低,有利于政策执行的社会“软环境”尚未形成.基于此,建议从健全政策法规、加强人才技术支撑、构建行业生态闭环、...     

Positioning the six‐month review in the recovery process post‐stroke: The ideology of personal responsibility

Stroke is the UK's fourth highest cause of death and an estimated 300,000 people in England are living with related disability. This paper explores the six‐month review (6MR), a policy initiative that aimed to ameliorate unmet need. A multiple case study approach underpinned by critical realism was used to elicit the views of patients, carers, providers and commissioners across three sites using interviews, observations and documentation. Forty‐six patients (age range 28–91 years), 30 carers and 28 professionals were interviewed between December 2015 and October 2016. Twenty‐nine reviews were observed. Data was analysed thematically across sites. 6MRs carried out by stroke nurse specialists (SNSs) were found to be more medically orientated than those completed by a Stroke Association (SA) co‐ordinator who focused on social issues. Reviewers regarded reviews primarily as an opportunity to address unmet need and signpost to further services. Patients responded in three different ways: proactive and engaged, reflected an active orientation to recovery and self‐management; proactive and self‐managing on their own terms, encompassed patients who were striving for independence but took their own approach sometimes at odds with that of clinicians; and passive orientation, whereby patients did not engage in rehabilitation or self‐management. Patients identified different priorities to those of reviewers, particularly those with other long‐term conditions and this appeared to contribute to the dissatisfaction that some expressed. In conclusion, there was little evidence that the 6MR played a key role in recovery. Locally defined outcomes for the 6MR reflecting national policy were not substantiated by the findings. Our findings suggest that the 6MR should review therapy goals and facilitate patient‐led goals. Reviewers should be allowed the freedom to individualise the process rather than adhering to a rigid framework dictated by national policy and local protocols.